Dissemination of vector-transmitted pathogens depend on the survival and dispersal of the vector and the vector's ability to transmit the pathogen, while the host range of vector and pathogen determine the breath of transmission possibilities. In this study, we address how the interaction between dispersal and plant fidelities of a pathogen (stolbur phytoplasma tuf-a) and its vector (Hyalesthes...

objective: a research was carried out to investigate the effects of nettle (urtica dioica) powder (np) and essential oil (ne) on performance, blood metabolites, carcass characteristics and antioxidant stability in broiler chicks. methods: the treatments were t1: control diet, t2: control diet + 5g/kg np, t3: control diet + 10 g/kg np, t4: control diet + 5g/kg ne and t5: control diet + 10 g/kg n...

Nettle et al. [1] explored the conditions under which it could be adaptive for humans to calibrate the development of life history traits (for example, reproductive timing) on the level of adversity experienced in early life. They concluded that external predictive adaptive responses (PARs)—in which early cues are employed to forecast the adult environment—can only evolve if environmental state...

Speculation about the relationship between linguistic and non-linguistic structures dates back at least a century. Sapir (1912) suggested that the infuence of non-linguistic factors (such as topography, climate, fora and fauna, etc) are most clearly refected in a language’s vocabulary, but Sapir also believed that they afect the phonological and grammatical systems of languages. It is clear tha...

Background: Antioxidant activities of plant extracts are being studied to increase the shelf life of fish products. Some plants such as Urtica dioica L. (nettle) can be a good source of antioxidants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydroalcoholic and water extracts of nettle leaf on the chemical properties of superchilled minced meat of the common kilka fish (Clupeone...

Interdomain routing is the task of establishing connectivity among the independently administered networks (called autonomous systems) that constitute the Internet. The protocol used for this task is the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) [1], which allows autonomous systems to independently define their own route preferences and route advertisement policies. By careful design of these BGP policies,...

Recent anthropogenic eutrophication has meant that host plants of nettle-feeding insects became quasi-omnipresent in fertile regions of Western Europe. However, host plant resource quality - in terms of microclimate and nutritional value - may vary considerably between the 'original' forest habitat and 'recent' agricultural habitat. Here, we compared development in both environmental settings u...

Mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Karisoke, Rwanda, feed on the stinging nettle Laportea alatipes by means of elaborate processing skills. Byrne [e.g. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 358:529-536, 2003] has claimed that individuals acquire these skills by means of the so-called program-level imitation, in which the overall s...