Perennial herbaceous plants such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) are being evaluated as cellulosic bioenergy crops. Two major concerns have been the net energy efficiency and economic feasibility of switchgrass and similar crops. All previous energy analyses have been based on data from research plots (<5 m2) and estimated inputs. We managed switchgrass as a biomass energy crop in field tr...

Component models were developed to predict the net efficiency of ME utilization for gain in cattle and to predict daily gain using recovered energy as the input. These models were integrated into a single model to predict daily gain from ME available for gain. One component model predicts the net efficiency of ME utilization for gain using constant partial net efficiencies of 0.2 and 0.75 for M...

Considering the rapid depletion of natural resources because increasing comfort conditions in living spaces and expectations from buildings due to developing technology climate change, today it has become inevitable develop effective policies meet energy demand create renewable sustainable systems. In this context, new generation building design architecture requires regulations that reduce con...

Biogeosciences Discussions This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Biogeosciences (BG). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in BG if available. Abstract Low energy balance closure (EBC) at a particular eddy-covariance flux site increased the uncertainties of carbon, water and energy measurements and thus hampered the urgent research of scaling up and modeling an...

This paper proposes an algorithm to extract a target region from a color image. The algorithm utilizes the active net for stable target extraction. In order t o extend the original active net for color image analysis, the image energy function of the net is defined by the function, called the Ratio Histogram, of the histogram backprojection method. Since ratio histogram is computed from both co...

Increasing of net energy storage (Q net) and discharge time of phase change material (t PCM), simultaneously, are important purpose in the design of solar systems. In the present paper, Multi-Objective (MO) based on hybrid of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and multiple crossover and mutation operator is used for Pareto based optimization of solar systems. The conflicting objectives are Q net...

Using the periodic unfolding method we construct the homogenization theory for the quasistatic initial boundary value problems with internal variables, which model the deformation behavior of viscoplastic materials with a periodic microstructure. The free energy associated with models is assumed to be positive semi-definite only.