A 35-year-old woman presented with 10 years of stabbing pain in her neck and upper back above her right scapula, sometimes radiating into both arms. Examination results were normal. Somatosensory evoked potentials showed significantly prolonged latency of the right C4 nerve root. Cervical spine MRI demonstrated tortuous vertebral arteries looping most notably into the C3-C4 neural foramina bila...

the performance of a forced-liquid vertical tubular loop bioreactor (vtlb), a forced-liquid horizontal tubular loop bioreactor (htlb) and a gas-induced external airlift loop bioreactor (ealb) were compared for production of biomass from natural gas. hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer coefficients were determined as functions of design parameters, physical properties of gases as well...

background: two main muscles studied in the hand for evaluation of median nerve injuries are opponens pollicis (op) and abductor pollicis brevis (apb). however, riché-cannieu communicating branch (rccb) may limit the use of these muscles in electrodiagnosis. this condition is confusing in the case of median nerve injuries. this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of rccb.   methods: ...

Background: In the premolar location of mandible, mental nerve's entry into foramen pattern is a significant landmark. Different patterns nerve entrance have been discovered. The current experiment was attempted to detect different routes mandible using panoramic radiographs, which are employed in pre-surgical evaluation.
 Materials and Methods: study used total 200 radiographs collected f...

The lingual nerve is a terminal branch of the mandibular nerve. It is varied in its course and in its relationship to the mandibular alveolar crest, submandibular duct and also the related muscles in the floor of the mouth. This study aims to understand the course of the lingual nerve from the molar area until its insertion into the tongue muscle. This cadaveric research involved the study of 1...

Objective: Describe and discuss a typical case with recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON), demonstrate likely extrinsic compression of the sixth cranial nerve by vascular loop. Background: RPON is rare, but well-known entity, characterized attacks ophthalmoplegia associated ipsilateral headache. The etiology unknown, neurovascular conflict (NVC) has been suggested as cause. Method...

conclusions our results support the use of pns in some patients with refractory chronic headaches. appropriate surgical planning and technique are important to achieve good clinical outcome and to minimize complications. background subcutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (pns) has emerged as a useful tool in the treatment of intractable headaches. however, complications such as skin erosion, ...

background: two main muscles studied in the hand for evaluation of median nerve injuries are opponens pollicis (op) and abductor pollicis brevis (apb). however, riché-cannieu communicating branch (rccb) may limit the use of these muscles in electrodiagnosis. this condition is confusing in the case of median nerve injuries. this study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of rccb.   methods: ...

patient was resting, causing contraction of all the muscles innervated by the left seventh cranial nerve. MR angiography revealed a neurovascular compression of the left facial nerve by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) (figures 1 and 2). The patient was taken to surgery and a microvascular decompression through a retrosigmoid approach was performed. Facial nerve function monitorin...

The apical organ of ciliated larvae of cnidarians and bilaterians is a true larval organ that disappears before or at metamorphosis. It appears to be sensory, probably involved in metamorphosis, but knowledge is scant. The ciliated protostome larvae show ganglia/nerve cords that are retained as the adult central nervous system (CNS). Two structures can be recognized, viz. a pair of cerebral gan...