as early as 1979, as part of the integrated drugs policy. (2) Flexible: Outreach measures were repeatedly modified, particularly in response to the HIV epidemic. (3) Effective: Both needle sharing behaviour and total consumption of "hard drugs" have declined in the city since introduction of outreach intervention. 60-80% of Amsterdam's hard drug using population is now in contact with treatment...

The vertical transmission of the T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) occurs predominantly through breast-feeding [2]. The infection can be transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusion, and through needle sharing among drug users. Its transmission is active in many areas such as parts of Africa, South and Central America, the Caribbean region, Asia and Melanesia [3]. It is estimat...

About one in nine Canadians who are infected with hepatitis C spend time in a correctional facility each year. With high rates of current injection drug use and needle sharing, this population may account for a large proportion of new infections. Any national strategy to address hepatitis C should include a focus on persons in correctional facilities, and should build on existing evidence regar...

background: good cytological sample is very important for the cytological diagnosis of thyroid nodules. the aim of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of prepared samples by the combination of aspiration and non- aspiration fine needle biopsy. methods: in this descriptive – analytical study, sampling was done simultaneously for each patient in fine needle aspiration and non-aspiration biops...

BACKGROUND Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm. Although this tumor has been well characterized histologically, the morphological patterns in Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology have not been well defined. Unlike ductal adenocarcinomas, endocrine tumors, and solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas with their characteristic FNA cytological features, acinar cell carcinomas p...

BACKGROUND When shared by people who inject drugs, needles and syringes with different dead space may affect the probability of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission differently. METHODS We measured dead space in 56 needle and syringe combinations obtained from needle and syringe programs across 17 countries in Europe and Asia. We also calculated the amounts of blood and HIV that would...

background and objectives:breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. fine needle aspiration biopsy (fnab) is one of the methods of breast biopsy which is fast, easy and cost effective. the aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance rate between pathologic results of sonography or stereotaxy guided fnab and guided core needle biopsy (cnb) in the evaluation of breast le...

conclusions there is clinical utility in knowing the relative deflection of various needle tips. when a procedure requires a needle to be steered around obstacles, or along non-collinear targets, the predictable and large amount of deflection obtained through use of a beveled spinal needle may prove beneficial. materials and methods six needles commonly used in spinal procedures (quincke, short...

Bacteria expressing type III secretion systems (T3SS) have been responsible for the deaths of millions worldwide, acting as key virulence elements in diseases ranging from plague to typhoid fever. The T3SS is composed of a basal body, which traverses both bacterial membranes, and an external needle through which effector proteins are secreted. We report multiple crystal structures of two protei...