Ferrous metals include cast iron, steel, and the various steel alloys, The only difference between iron and steel is the carbon content. Cast iron contains more than 2-percent carbon, while steel contains less than 2 percent. An alloy is a substance composed of two or more elements. Therefore, all steels are an alloy of iron and carbon, but the term “alloy steel” normally refers to a steel that...

The influence of heat treatment time and temperature on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of cast stainless steel alloys CN3MN (UNS J94651) and CK3MCuN (UNS J93254) were investigated with a combination of microscopy techniques and immersion corrosion testing. The as-cast alloys exhibited significant residual microsegregation of Mo across the dendritic substructure and the presence of ...

in this work, effects of homogenization time of 3 to 13 h at 1200 °c on the grain refinement of as-cast aisi 301 stainless steel after different hot rolling conditions were investigated. the results showed that the minimum grain size of 16±7 mm was achieved when homogenization took place at 1200 °c for 9 h followed by hot rolling at temperature range of 1000–1200 °c with strain of 0.8 and strai...

The microstructure of steel is decisive for its chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Depending on the parameters characterising liquid metal as well as the parameters of the steel casting influencing the crystallisation process, the macrostructure of casts and ingots consist of three, two or only one crystallisation zone. In steel ingots, its most frequent by consist of three zones: ch...

the hot charging of continuously cast slabs steel is usually considered an effective method to reduce theenergy consumption in the hot rolling mills. in this work the application and optimizing of hot charging ofcontinuously cast slab in mobareke steel company has been investigated. mathematical relationship betweenthe cooling time of the stack of slabs and its mass average temperature is descr...

Despite the widespread use of TiAl alloys in many fields, their poor impact resistance has recently emerged again as a major issue. Therefore, this study, practical effects additive elements were examined by considering most important property cast alloys. The was evaluated via Charpy test, which been rarely applied to alloys, revealing that only V, Cr, Mn, and B slightly improved resistance, c...

Cost reduction and high efficiency are the mayor challenges for sustainable H2 production via proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis. Titanium-based components such as bipolar plates (BPP) have the largest contribution to the capital cost. This work proposes the use of stainless steel BPPs coated with Nb and Ti by magnetron sputtering physical vapor deposition (PVD) and vacuum plasma spray...

In this paper, the effects of dispersed 3~10 nm NbC precipitates on hydrogen diffusion in X80 pipeline steel were investigated by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electrochemical hydrogen permeation, and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). The relationship between hydrogen diffusion and temperature was determined for Nb-free X80 and 0.055 wt% Nb X80 steel. T...

Rapid development of automotive industry brings also increased requirements for sheets properties, involving relatively high strength and good formability together with excellent corrosion resistance. Increasing requests for corrosion resistance lead to the production of coated car parts, protected mainly by zinc coatings. Whereas, majority of European producers of passenger cars use preferenti...