skeletal involvement is the second most common site of metastases after lymph nodal metastases in patients with prostate cancer. the skeletal metastases from prostate cancer are osteoblastic in nature and show increased tracer avidity on the bone scan. focal tracer avid lesion in skeleton especially in skull requires the careful examination by further investigation. the patients with skull meta...

background: being diagnosed with cancer has major impacts on a patient’s life. this study was conducted to explore how specific daily activities of patients change as a result of cancer diagnosis or its treatment and how these patients feel about such changes. methods: this was a cross-sectional descriptive study. cancer patients referred to our clinics and by completing a questionnaire, they r...

background: it is suggested that various forms of tobacco use have some effects on diverse sites of head and neck to develop cancer. material and methods: the study examines data for oral cancer in male subjects, collected from the population registered in cancer registry during the year 2007- 2008. all the data collected were entered into the spreadsheets. the statistical package for social sc...

background: ovarian cancer is a relatively common cancer among postmenopausal women. nowadays, there is controversy about immunotherapy of ovarian cancer patients with interleukins such as interferon to reach better out come in prognosis of patients under chemotherapy. ctla-4 is a gene, which has an important role in homeostasis and regulation of immune response. inhibitory nature of ctla-4 is ...

tion of an extraordinary diversity of anatomical designs. Much of this plasticity in design can be traced to the fact that the building blocks of tissue and organ construction—individual cells—are endowed with great autonomy and versatility. Most types of cells in the metazoan body carry a complete organismic genome—far more information than any one of these cells will ever require. And many ce...

In 1992 neurophysiologists [20] found a new type of cells in areas V1 and V2 of the monkey primary visual cortex, which they called grating cells. These cells respond vigorously to a grating pattern of appropriate orientation and periodicity. Three years later a computational model inspired by these findings was published [9]. The study of this paper is to create a grating cell operator that ha...

Received: March 18, 2015; Accepted: March 20, 2015; Published: March 22, 2015 If you read these pages, you certainly know the seminal book by Benoit B. Mandelbrot, The Fractal Geometry of Nature (1982). In his Masterpiece, Benoit provides both a mathematical model and a description for many of the seemingly complex forms and patterns in nature, showing that fractal patterns are extremely famili...