The environmental problem stemming from toxic and recalcitrant naphthenic acids (NAs) present in effluents the oil industry is well characterized. However, despite numerous technologies evaluated for their destruction, up-scaling potential remains low due to high implementation running costs. Catalysts can help cutting costs by achieving more efficient reactions with shorter operating times low...

Negative ion tandem mass spectrometric analysis of aliphatic carboxylic acids often yields only non-diagnostic ([M - H](-)) ions with limited selective fragmentation. However, carboxylates cationized with Ba(2+) have demonstrated efficient dissociation in positive ion mode, providing structurally diagnostic product ions. We report the application of barium adducts followed by collision induced ...

This paper presents an electro-thermal hydrodynamic model that explains the development of different streamer modes in transformer oil. The focus is on the difference between the slow 2 and fast 3 mode streamers discussed in the literature. Through the use of numerical methods the model demonstrates that streamer modes arise in transformer oil due to the electric field dependent molecular ioniz...