Δ(9)-Tetrahydrocannbinol (THC), the primary active constituent of Cannabis sativa, has long been known to reduce opioid withdrawal symptoms. Although THC produces most of its pharmacological actions through the activation of CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors, the role these receptors play in reducing the variety of opioid withdrawal symptoms remains unknown. The endogenous cannabinoids, N-a...

Illicit opioid overdoses are a significant problem throughout the world, with most deaths being attributed to opioid-induced respiratory depression which may involve peripheral mechanisms. The current treatment for overdoses is naloxone hydrochloride, which is effective but induces significant withdrawal. We propose that selectively peripherally acting opioid receptor antagonists, such as nalox...

Tolerance and dependence are two main problems that have limited morphine administration. There are several reports on the effect of some medicinal plants on morphine-induced tolerance and dependence. In this study we investigated the effect of Ferula persica (FP) extract on modulation of withdrawal syndrome sign (WSS). For this purpose, male Albino mice (25-30 g, n=30) were used. Morphine was ...

Drug addiction is a destructive misfortune that leads to recession in all social fields. For this reason, proper treatment of addiction should be seriously considered. Formerly, the effectiveness of TENS and ICWS methods on the reduction of withdrawal syndrome signs in the rat was evaluated separately. In this study the interaction of these two methods were analyzed. For this purpose, four grou...

Tolerance and dependence are two main problems that have limited morphine administration. There are several reports on the effect of some medicinal plants on morphine-induced tolerance and dependence. In this study we investigated the effect of Ferula persica (FP) extract on modulation of withdrawal syndrome sign (WSS). For this purpose, male Albino mice (25-30 g, n=30) were used. Morphine was ...

RATIONALE Acute doses of buprenorphine can precipitate withdrawal in opioid dependent persons. The likelihood of this withdrawal increases as a function of the level of physical dependence. OBJECTIVES To test the acute effects of sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone tablets in volunteers with a higher level of physical dependence. The goal was to identify a dose that would precipitate withdrawal...

Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) comprises the partial mu-opioid receptor agonist buprenorphine in combination with the opioid antagonist naloxone in a 4 : 1 ratio. When buprenorphine/naloxone is taken sublingually as prescribed, the naloxone exerts no clinically significant effect, leaving the opioid agonist effects of buprenorphine to predominate. However, when buprenorphine/naloxone is pare...

Drug addiction is a destructive misfortune that leads to recession in all social fields. For this reason, proper treatment of addiction should be seriously considered. Formerly, the effectiveness of TENS and ICWS methods on the reduction of withdrawal syndrome signs in the rat was evaluated separately. In this study the interaction of these two methods were analyzed. For this purpose, four grou...

Glutamate receptors are implicated in the genesis of opioid tolerance and dependence. Factors governing release of amino acids in systems chronically exposed to opiates, however, remain undefined. Using rats, each prepared with a spinal loop dialysis catheter and with a chronic lumbar intrathecal infusion catheter connected to a subcutaneous minipump, the release of amino acids before and durin...