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The rigidity of frameworks examines points constrained by fixed distances between pairs of points, using vocabulary and linear techniques drawn from structural engineering: bars and joints, first-order rigidity and first-order flexes, and static rigidity and static self-stresses (Section 61.1. Section 61.2 describes some extended structures and their applications. Scene analysis and the dual co...

Smoking is a common addiction and a leading cause of disease. Chronic nicotine exposure is known to activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in immune cells. We demonstrate a novel role for a4 nAChRs in the effect of nicotine on T-cell proliferation and immunity. Using cell-based sorting and proteomic analysis we define an a4 nAChR expressing helper T-cell population (a4CD3CD4) and s...

In 1922 the Russian geologist Vladimir Vernadsky coined the term “biogeochemistry” in recognition of the intimate connections that exist between living organisms and the physical components of the Earth. This insight came after many failed attempts to understand the chemical makeup of the Earth’s atmosphere and crust through strictly geochemical processes, ignoring the influence of element inte...

Cytosine methylation, a common form of DNA modification that antagonizes transcription, is found at transposons and repeats in vertebrates, plants and fungi. Here we have mapped DNA methylation in the entire Arabidopsis thaliana genome at high resolution. DNA methylation covers transposons and is present within a large fraction of A. thaliana genes. Methylation within genes is conspicuously bia...

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is an intercellular signalling mechanism that is present in the islets of Langerhans and plays a role in the modulation of insulin secretion and expansion of the β-cell mass. The downstream signalling pathways mediating these effects are poorly understood. Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling is a key intracellular pathway involved in ener...

Acidic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) from the venom of Chinese cobra (Naja naja atra) has high activity on zwitterionic membranes and contains six aromatic residues, including Tyr-3, Trp-18, Trp-19, Trp-61, Phe-64, and Tyr-110, on its putative interfacial binding surface. To assess the roles of these aromatic residues in the interfacial catalysis of N. n. atra PLA2, we mutated them to Ala and measure...

Salmonella enterica is recognized as one of the major food-borne pathogens with more than 2,500 serotypesworldwide. The present study addresses antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidisisolates in Iran. A collection of 151 Salmonella spp. isolates collected from poultry were serotyped toidentify Salmonella Enteritidis. Sixty-one Salmonella Enteritidis were subsequently...