Max Birnstiel, who died in November, was a pioneer of molecular biology and a creator of European scientific institutions. Born in Brazil in 1933, his family moved back to their native Switzerland when he was 5 years old, and he completed his education there. When he asked his teachers how he should best train to be a biologist, the counterintuitive answer was that he should study biophysical c...


 Obituary: Alan Jones (1933–2021)

In 1933 the young Russian communications engineer Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kotelnikov published a paper in which he formulated the sampling theorem for lowpass and bandpass signals, and also considered the bandwidth requirements of discrete signal transmission for telegraphy and images. Although Kotelnikov’s name later became known in the West as a result of his subsequent work, particularly tha...

Today machine translation means using a computer to translate natural languages. But it was not always so. The first suggestions that languages could be translated mechanically were made before electronic digital computers were even dreamt of. While the real history of MT began in March 1947 with correspondence between Warren Weaver and Norbert Wiener and with tentative discussions between Weav...

IN estimating vitamin C chemically in milk by the method of Birch et al. [1933], Kon [1933] observed very marked fluctuations in the concentration of that vitamin from day to day. The possible causes of this phenomenon were investigated by Mattick & Kon [1933], who ultimately found that milk which originally gave a positive vitamin C titration failed to reduce the indophenol reagent after a sho...

were first recorded in India, by the present writers in Rao and Ray (1932). Since then, other workers, notable among them being Muir and Chatterjee (1932 and 1933) and Chatterjee (1933), have-attempted to study the action of Mercurochrome as well as that of one of its constituents, viz, fluorescein, in leprosy. Ryrie (1934) has further continued to study the influence of fluorescein on ' lepra ...

CEPTIwES.-By C. I. B. Voge, B.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S. (Edin.). Jonathan Cape, London. Pp. 288. Illustrated. Price, 12s. 6d. [Obtainable from Messrs. Butterworth and Co. (India), Ltd. (Publishers), Calcutta.] Price, Rs. 9-6 II. CLINICAL CONTRACEPTION.?By G. M. Cox, M.B., B.S. 1933. William Heinemann (Medical Books) Ltd., London. Pp. ix plus 173. Illustrated. Price, 7s. 6d. III. THE HYGIENE OF MARRIAG...

Bacteriophages active against Pasteurella pestis have been described by a number of workers, including Flu (1927), Sugino (1932), Advier (1933), and Girard (1942). The subject has been reviewed by Harvey (1933) and Wu et al. (1936). This report describes certain relationships of P. pestis to Pasteurella pseudotuberculosis and to Salmonella and Shigella strains, as shown by bacteriophage action ...

* Presented to the Society, April 7, 1934; received by the editors June 7, 1934. t Subharmonic functions and minimal surfaces, these Transactions, vol. 35 (1933), pp. 648661. Subharmonic functions and surfaces of negative curvature, these Transactions, vol. 35 (1933), pp. 662-674. % See F. Riesz, Sur les fonctions subharmoniques etc., in two parts, Acta Mathematica, vol. 48 1926), pp. 329-343, ...