service (Dr. Menzies went on) may prove to be a big factor in determining the ultimate relationships of the Voluntary Hospitals and the municipal authorities. "We all know the recommendations of the Maclean Committee with regard to Poor Law Infirmaries which Represent the great bulk of the institutional provision for the sick in this country. In the past they have gained a bad reputation in the...

New York City, a leader in municipal tobacco control in the USA, furthered its goal of reducing the community's burden of tobacco use in 2014 by implementing Sensible Tobacco Enforcement and Tobacco 21. These policies are intended to restrict youth access and eliminate sources of cheap tobacco. Strong partnerships, substantial local data and support from the public and elected officials were ke...

Since the eleventh century, the establishment of municipal in stitutions (Concelhos) in Portugal followed the process of creation of the country itself. Military reasons were present in this association because of the constant state of war with bordering Islam. The Concelhos helped to secure the conquests through the settlement of population. However we find this is only a partial description o...

The objective of this work was to develop a relationship between odour intensity and odour concentration by using data collected from various sensitive areas of the municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site. A number of well-known psychophysical models (e.g., Weber-Fechner law, Steven's power law, Beidler's and Laffort's models) have been discussed that can successfully relate the perceived int...

We study favoritism in public procurement of cleaning service contracts in Sweden 1990-1998. Cleaning services are a low-tech, clearly defined product with easy entry and no ex-ante quality differences. We study a period where the law allowed municipalities high degrees of freedom in choosing the winner. In our data, the lowest bid does not win 61% of the time, and municipalities pay on average...

Sewage is a kind of ideal low-temperature heat sources. Sewage heat source pump system uses heat energy in sewage, and it is a method of utilizing sewage resources. In this article we analyze sewage’s characteristics and sewage source heat pump system; introduce its practical applications in sewage treatment plants in China, analyze its technical and economic characteristics, and discuss its ap...

Objective To know the structure of the social representations of right to health and citizenship of health municipal councilors. Method This is a qualitative study, based on the central nucleus theory of social representations, carried out in eight municipalities of the Integrated Region for the Development of the Surroundings of the Federal District, Brazil. The intentional sample consisted ...

Considering the proliferation of information technology (IT), growing IT divides are still proven to exist today. Although some argue the broadband technology could be the platform for universal ubiquity, the benefits are still debatable for municipalities providing access. The authors discuss how public officials have decided to lead, support and usher in an era of rapid IT development by way ...

Facial composite images are often used in the criminal investigation process to facilitate the identification of an offender. Research generally shows that the effectiveness of various composite systems in generating accurate facial representations is low, however these findings do not reflect a number of newly developed computerized systems. This study investigated the prevalence of composite ...