Laboratory measurements on polymer raw materials and products are often carried out (quasi-) isothermally, or at best at relatively slow cooling and heating rates. Such conditions differ greatly from those occurring during processing and during the product’s use in real life. During processing, high cooling rates and high pressures are common, the parameters of which have a major influence on t...

Using a displacement operator formalism, I analyse the depopulation of the vibrational ground state of trapped ions. Two heating times, one characterizing short time behaviour, the other long time behaviour are found. The short time behaviour is analyzed both for single and multiple ions, and a formula for the relative heating rates of different modes is derived. The possibility of correction o...

A new method for measuring the heating rate (defined as the time rate of change of temperature) and estimating heat flux from the heating rate is proposed. The example problem involves analytic heat conduction in a one-dimensional slab, where the measurement location of temperature or heating rate coincides with the location of the estimated heat flux. The new method involves the solution to a ...

Dense arrays of trapped ions provide one way of scaling up ion trap quantum information processing. However, miniaturization of ion traps is currently limited by sharply increasing motional state decoherence at sub-100 mum ion-electrode distances. We characterize heating rates in cryogenically cooled surface-electrode traps, with characteristic sizes in the 75 to 150 mum range. Upon cooling to ...

r-Process nucleosynthesis in material ejected during neutron star mergers may lead to radioactively powered transients called kilonovae. The timescale and peak luminosity of these transients depend on the composition of the material after nuclear burning ceases, which determines the local heating rate from nuclear decays and the opacity. Kasen et al. (2013, ApJ, 774, 25) and Tanaka & Hotokezaka...

We propose a theory of intertemporal choice that is robust to specific assumptions on the discount rate. One class of models requires that one utility stream be chosen over another if and only if its discounted value is higher for all discount factors in a set. Another model focuses on an average discount factor. Yet another model is pessimistic, and evaluates a flow by the lowest available dis...

[1] The vertical distribution of radiative heating in the atmosphere is an important driver of atmospheric circulation. Evaluation of model simulations of the Earth’s radiation budget typically focus only on performance at the top of the atmosphere or at the surface. In this study, we compare the vertical distribution of cloud properties and radiative heating rates calculated from observations ...

In this paper, we predict the aging of the PCR thermocycler by analyzing the heating and cooling rates of the PCR thermocycler. Two kinds of methods were applied to calculate the rise times of the heating and cooling protocol sections that were inversely related to the heating or cooling rates. The temporal changes of the rise times were investigated over several months. For three thermal cycle...