leptospirosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases worldwide. currently, multivalent whole-cell leptospiral vaccines can induce protection against leptospirosis. therefore, preparation and formulation of new generations of vaccines that can stimulate long-term immunity for leptospirosis control are essential. the aim of this study was to prepare and characterize alginate microspheres ...

the liver fluke fasciola hepatica causes fascioliasis, a liver disease in most part of the world and particularly in north of iran. diagnosis of the diseases is anchored in coprological manner but serological methods are preferable due to some obscurities. in this study, sera obtained from human patients infected with fasciola hepatica were tested by the enzymelinked immunotrotransfer blot (eit...

Antigen-antibody interactions are a fundamental subset of protein-protein responsible for the “survival fittest.” Determining interacting interface antigen, called an epitope, and that on antibody, paratope, is crucial to antibody development. Because each antigen presents multiple epitopes (unique footprints), sophisticated approaches required determine target region given antibody. Although X...

ABSTRACT Multiple myeloma is an incurable disease characterized by the proliferation of malignant plasma cells in bone marrow. Daratumumab (DARA), a monoclonal antibody that targets CD38 antigen expressed on cells, has been approved as promising new treatment for patients with this disease. Although it effective medication, DARA presents challenges transfusion medicine. Because normal ...

Many studies are currently investigating the development of safe and effective vaccines to prevent various infectious diseases. Multiple antigen-presenting peptide vaccine systems have been developed to avoid the adverse effects associated with conventional vaccines (i.e., live-attenuated, killed or inactivated pathogens), carrier proteins and cytotoxic adjuvants. Recently, two main approaches ...