Microorganisms play critical roles in every kind of habitat on Earth, including those constructed by humans. Thus, our cultural heritage is affected by microbial colonization. While classical microbiological methods based on culturing procedures have provided important, but limited information on the microbial diversity of natural samples, novel molecular techniques have been extremely valuable...

For the antiquaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries who studied the few broken monuments and obscure artifacts that survived from the earliest periods of human history there was a dawning realization that these remote epochs were not as inaccessible as had previously been believed. This attitude was mirrored in geological research where natural historians were using fossils and geol...

Conceptualization of information allows improved visualization and manipulation of large amounts of data. Especially in digitization of cultural heritage, and when aiming at presenting more than one monument, abstraction of information becomes the key solution. Our proposed application aims to present the main archaeological monuments of Crete through a conceptual 3D model. It allows the user t...

1 For such competition in the middle Republic, see, in general, Hölkeskamp 2003, 221–26; 2004, 151–57. Specific cases: McDonnell 2006, 212–28; Hölscher 1980, 353. In the late Republic, the phenomenon is especially well documented for the era of Marius and Sulla: Hölscher 1980, 356–58, 369; 2001, 207–10; and Stein-Hölkeskamp (forthcoming). Roller 2010a, 156–63, discusses the building-and-demolit...

The combustion of crude oil produces a wide range of pollutants, including gases, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, acid compounds (e.g., sulfuric acid), and soot. Several of these pollutants have been linked with the deterioration and blackening of monuments. The paper reports the results of an investigation on the causes of the soiling of cultural remains at import...

Cultural heritage management is an excellent application domain for geographical hypermedia information systems. Many people with different tasks and levels of profession like fieldworkers, researchers, project and campaign officers, cultural bureaucrats etc. collaboratively producing and consuming different media like photographs, video, drawings, books, etc. must deal with exact geographic in...

lawgiver, for the purpose of penal supporting of national historical-cultural monuments, ratified repeated article 566 of islamic penal code in 1388; which demonstrates three actions of “making fake cases”, “introducing, carrying or storing” and “buying of historical-cultural monuments” as crimes. this criminalizing was necessary and advantageous, but the procedure of criminalizing has some wea...