As a key hydrological parameter, daily reference evapotranspiration (ETo) determines the accuracy of the hydrological number of the crop, and, consequently, the regional optimization disposition of water resources. At present, the main methods for ETo estimation are the Penman-Monteith (PM) equation and its modified formula, both of which are based on climatic factors such as temperature, radia...

Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract Using two methods of eddy correlation system and evaporation pan to measure respectively the aerodynamic resistance over bare soil surface and maize field, this paper analyses the diurnal variation of the aerodynamic resistance and its rel...

In both Australia and Swaziland large areas of sugarcane rely on irrigation to produce a viable crop or to improve rainfed productivity. Matching water supply to crop demand is essential for productivity and sustainability in any irrigation scheme. Historically Class-A pan evaporation was used as a basis for determining sugarcane water demand or evapotranspiration (ETc). ETc is now frequently o...

For the Penman±Monteith equation to be used to predict crop evapotranspiration in a one-step approach, methodologies for determining surface resistance (rs) must be available. One usual approach to the modelling of rs is to compute it by inverting the Penman±Monteith equation and then relate it to the most important environmental variables (radiation, temperature, vapour pressure deficit) using...

The molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method is used to assess structural details for humanprion protein (hereafter PrPN) and its Asp178 Asn mutant (hereafter PrPm) which causes fatalfamilial insomnia disease. The results reveal that the flexibility and instability increase in PrPmcould be related to specific amino acids exposed to the solvent. Solvation free energy of PrPm is 20kjmot1nni2 mor...

A climate model must include an accurate surface physics scheme in order to examine the interactions between the land and atmosphere. Given an increase in the surface radiative forcing, the sensitivity of latent heat flux to available energy plays an important role in determining the energy budget and has a significant impact on the response of surface temperature. The Penman–Monteith equation ...