the history of monetary policy in iran, judging by their performance in keeping the value of the currency, maintaining a steady growth in the gross domestic product, faltering investment, show that monetary policy has not been a portrait of consistent successes, to say the least. as a result of the recent studies two rules have emerged as guideline for policy makers: taylor rule and mccallum ru...

The ultimate goal of monetary policy is to achieve price stability and high output. In this regard, central banks usually change the interest rate, liquidity, and money base in order to apply monetary policies. The John B. Taylor rule is one of the rules known in the transmission of monetary policy.[1] Based on this rule and given the output gap and inflation gap, the central bank increases or ...

Approximately half of all mothers of infants born in the United States receive services through the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Woman, Infants and Children (WIC). Although WIC promotes breastfeeding, data suggest that, despite advances in the last 2 decades, WIC participants are less likely to initiate breastfeeding, and much less likely to continue, than non-WIC participants, in...

Reliable measures of the size and direction of changes in monetary policy are very crucial for examining the effects of monetary policy on the economy. Monetary Condition Index (MCI) can be used as a tool to assess the stance of monetary policy. This index is defined as the weighted average of different monetary transmission mechanism relative to their values in a base period. The weights in MC...

In his 1752 essay “Of Money”, David Hume proposes that a “good policy” for a magistrate would be to keep money “still encreasing.” This paper proposes that, for Hume, money can be kept “still encreasing” through deflationary policies, rather than through inflationary policies as commonly presented in the literature. Decreasing the quantity of money in circulation in an open economy decreases pr...

Gender differences in perceived quality of employment (achievement, content, job insecurity, time autonomy and physical and emotional conditions) are examined. The study asks whether women’s occupations provide better conditions in areas that facilitate their dual role in society, as a trade-off for low monetary rewards. Specifically, it examines the association of women’s concentration in broa...

Egypt has led the region (Africa and the Middle East, excluding Israel) in the availability of Internet services on a wide scale. Nevertheless, Egypt is encountering very particular issues and problems – common to developing countries – with regard to electronic commerce. This paper, as it identifies deterrents to electronic commerce in Egypt, hopes to offer a to-do-list for anyone who is champ...

This research analyses the impact of retailer interventions focusing on promotion reusable bags to reduce plastic bag consumption. For this purpose, retail outlet data for March 2018–February 2020 was used. The analyzed using a panel fixed effects model evaluate three treatments and consumption in South Africa. Findings revealed that Treatments 1 (a monetary intervention based giving away free)...

Regulatory fit is experienced when people pursue a goal in a manner that sustains their regulatory orientation. Previous research on promotion and prevention orientations has found that regulatory fit increases people s perception that a decision they made was ‘‘right,’’ which in turn transfers value to the decision outcome, including being willing to pay more for a product than those who chose...

Key points • Tobacco is the psychoactive substance most widely used by prisoners, with prevalence rates ranging from 64% to more than 90%, depending on the country and the setting. • Tobacco use is completely entangled in prison life where it helps to cope with boredom, deprivation or stress, relieve anxiety and tension and function as a source of pleasure or monetary value in an environment wi...