1. Distinguish between biologic DMARD use and nonbiologic DMARD use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 2. Assess the differences between classes of biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy. 3. Based on individual patient characteristics, construct a treatment and monitoring plan for a patient with RA and, when appropriate, include biologic DMARD therapy. 4. Just...

The emergence and spreading of chirality on the early Earth is considered by studying a set of reactiondiffusion equations based on a polymerization model. It is found that effective mixing of the early oceans is necessary to reach the present homochiral state. The possibility of introducing mass extinctions and modifying the emergence rate of life is discussed.

SSc is a multiorgan disease with significant morbidity that is associated with poor health-related quality of life. Treatment of this condition is often organ based and non-curative. However, there are newer, potentially disease-modifying therapies available to treat certain aspects of the disease. This review focuses on old and new therapies in the management of SSc in clinical practice.

Studies of happiness have examined the impact of demographics, personality and emotions accompanying daily activities on life satisfaction. We suggest that how people feel while contemplating aspects of their lives, including their weight, children and future prospects, is a promising yet uncharted territory within the internal landscape of life satisfaction. In a sample of 811 American women, ...

BACKGROUND In HIV infection, initiation of treatment is associated with improved clinical outcom and reduced rate of sexual transmission. However, difficulty in detecting infection in early stages impairs those benefits. We determined the minimum testing rate that maximizes benefits derived from early diagnosis. METHODS We developed a mathematical model of HIV infection, diagnosis and treatme...