Reader-response criticism maintains that the interpretive activities of readers, rather than the author’s intention or the text’s structure, explain a text’s significance and aesthetic value. Biographical accounts of how a writer responds to his or her critics initiated this kind of criticism. That is, since a writer may respond to commentary provided by friends, reviewers, or critics, biograph...

Judeo-Arabic is a group of Arabic-based languages used by Jews for many centuries, which like some other Jewish languages (for example,Yiddish), is written in the Hebrew alphabet. Many of the great Jewish literary works of the Middle Ages were written in Judeo-Arabic. A large quantity of additional Judeo-Arabic text has become available with the digitization of manuscripts found in the Cairo Ge...

In conclusion, we should like to add two admonitions. First, criticism is an art, not the raw tables or summaries of scholarship. The scholarship is a necessary prerequisite, and the formal reports, the compilations of the learned monograph, are essential to criticism. We have too much of unimaginative word counting, the pedestrian assemblage of arguments, the methodical and generalized comment...

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arabic prose passed during its development through different stages; and arabic literature in general was a pad of the types of literary that emerged for it in the present era in the field of principles and rules. some believe that the literary genres and systems prose are taken from the west. while if we look closely, we find models of them in the old arab literature, though contemporary men o...

the vast diversity of the proposed definitions of parody, both before and after the twentieth century, can be an emblem of the lack of a thorough agreement amongst the literary critics about the definition of this literary technique (genre?!). while there is not a comprehensive all-accepted definition of parody, modern and postmodern literatures both exhibit a wide application of it. after look...

complex, more than Shakespeare because we know more about the lives of women—Jane Austen and Virginia Woolf included. Both the victimization and the anger experienced by women are real, and have real sources, everywhere in the environment, built into society, language, the structures of thought. They will go on being tapped and explored by poets, among others. We can neither deny them, nor will...