X-ray phase analysis of clays is difficult because these materials generally consist of a mixture of different phases, i.e., mixed-layer minerals, individual clay minerals (non mixed-layer), and associated minerals, such as calcite and quartz. The analysis requires knowledge that presently is incorporated in a computer-based expert system. This expert system is capable of a) identification of a...

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency distribution of various types of dissociative disorders, along with existing co-morbid depression and its level of severity in patients with dissociative disorder. STUDY DESIGN Observational, cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY The Institute of Psychiatry, Rawalpindi General Hospital from October 2004 to March 2005. METHODOLOGY Fifty con...

Background: B cell CLL/lymphoma 2 protein, bcl-2, is an important anti-apoptotic factor that has been implicated in lithium’s neuroprotective effect. However, most studies have focused on assessing the effects of lithium in neurons, ignoring examination of bcl-2 in astrocytes, which also influence neuronal survival and are affected in bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to evaluate whet...

OBJECTIVE Religion and spirituality are important coping strategies in depression but have been rarely studied within the context of bipolar disorder. The present study assessed the association between different forms of religious involvement and the clinical status of individuals treated for bipolar disorder. METHODS A cross-sectional observation study of follow-up data from a large cohort s...

INTRODUCTION Bipolar disorder is a chronic disease characterized by periods of mania or hypomania, depression, or a combination of both (mixed state). Because bipolar disorder is one of the leading causes of disability, it represents an important economic burden on society. Asenapine (ASE) is a new second-generation antipsychotic developed and approved for the treatment of manic or mixed episod...

Mixed semiconductor ternary crystals were grown using the Bridgman–Stockbarger method. This is a high–temperature and high–pressure crystal growth Cd1–xBexTe in range of composition 0 < x 0.1, such as 0.00, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1. The main goal this paper was to compare thermal properties CdBeTe with previously CdMnTe CdZnTe–mixed crystals. photopyroelectric technique applied examine properti...

The risk of suicide is high amongst individuals with bipolar affective disorder and mixed affective state. Research has shown that the suicide risk increases during both rapid-cycling and mixed affective states in bipolar. This article reviews the recent research of patients with bipolar and mixed affective state and suicide risk and highlights the reasons and potential benefits of factoring th...

The current subtyping of depression is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) categorical division of bipolar and depressive disorders. Current evidence, however, supports a dimensional approach to depression, as a continuum/spectrum of overlapping disorders, ranging from bipolar I depression to major depressive disorder. Types of d...