Silymarin (standardized extract from the seeds of the Silybum marianum) has been used in the supportive therapy of liver diseases and its cytoprotective activity is believed to be based on antioxidant properties. Our previous works showed hypolipidemic effects of silymarin. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters G5 and G8 play a major role in biliary cholesterol secretion. The ABCA1 transp...

The gram-scale isolation of the major flavonolignan diastereoisomers from milk thistle ( Silybum marianum) extract provided an entree into the isolation of two related analogues that are present in extremely minute quantities. The isolation and structure elucidation of these two new compounds, which we have termed isosilybin C and isosilybin D due to their structural similarities to isosilybin ...

The effect of new synthetic pyrazinecarboxamide derivatives as potential elicitors of flavonolignan and flavonoid production in Silybum marianum and Ononis arvensis cultures in vitro was investigated. Both tested elicitors increased the production of flavonolignans in S. marianum callus and suspension cultures and flavonoids in O. arvensis callus and suspension cultures. Compound I, 5-(2-hydrox...

Silymarin is a hepatoprotective mixture of flavonolignans and flavonoids extracted from the seeds of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn). This study investigates the effect of major bioactive constituents from silymarin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silydianin, silychristin, isosilychristin, and taxifolin, on the expression of ABCA1, an important cholesterol efflux tr...

Recent studies have shown an increase in alcohol-related digestive and liver diseases as alcohol consumption grew during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients may embrace milk thistle—which has been promoted a dietary supplement for hepatitis, cirrhosis, jaundice, diabetes, indigestion—to protect from environmental toxins. With hundreds of years history treatment wide range disorders gallbladder prob...

mChanges in the concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) in bovine, ovine and caprine milk cheeses manufactured with a plant rennet (flowers of Cynara cardunculus) were studied throughout a 68-day ripening period. The long-chain saturated (C16 :0 and C18 :0) and unsaturated (C18 :1, C18:2, and C18 :3) FFA were the most abundant at all stages of ripening. The overall concentration of FFA in fres...

Theory predicts that damage by a shared herbivore to a secondary host plant species may either be higher or lower in the vicinity of a preferred host plant species. To evaluate the importance of ecological factors, such as host plant proximity and density, in determining the direction and strength of such herbivore-mediated indirect effects, we quantified oviposition by the exotic weevil Rhinoc...

Use of the herb milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is widespread, and its chemistry has been studied for over 50 years. However, milk thistle endophytes have not been studied previously for their fungal and chemical diversity. We examined the fungal endophytes inhabiting this medicinal herb to determine: (1) species composition and phylogenetic diversity of fungal endophytes; (2) chemical diversit...

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) is a versatile crop that has adapted to the broadly different soil and environmental conditions throughout all continents. To date, fruits (“seeds”) of plant are only reliable source silymarin, which, given its recognized therapeutic effects many present potential uses, led significant re-discovery enhancement in recent years. Overall, although studi...