Set amidst growing global challenges and great power politics, this article asks how middle powers might best promote collective action. Adopting a historical approach, it explores four case studies on multilateralism in (1) post-1974 UN New International Economic Order; (2) post-1989 Bretton Woods institutions; (3) post-1992 European Union expansion; (4) post-2003 South- South cooperation. The...

As the European Union deals with yet another crisis— COVID-19 pandemic—it must adopt a grand strategy based on unity, policy, and proportionality: cohesion over inaction, policy process, regional imperatives global ambitions. An analysis of past documents study current international trends stress need for capable shaping its own environment rather than reacting to it. The pandemic should accele...

Abstract Differentiation is a foundational premise in the study of middle powers, as evident way that relevant literature distinguishes these states from great powers and smaller states. Despite underlying assumption differentiation, power has rarely engaged theoretically with concept. This paper seeks to make more explicit this basis differentiation by advancing new framework for behavior draw...

media is the tool of production and dictation of meanings and thoughts. through the media, the political ideology is nurtured, conveyed and fixed in the personal and collective unconscious of the people. the middle east region, especially its arabic part, has an ideological structure. this ideological structure is based on using the mass media as a tool for production, reproduction and idea dic...

This study investigated professional empowerment of junior middle school teachers in Taiwan, compared the difference on the sense of autonomy in background variables, and explored the extent to which professional power explained professional efficacy, using questionnaire method. The results showed that (1) the sense of professional empowerment of junior middle school teachers was on the middle ...

OBJECTIVES Wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) measurements are capable of quantifying middle ear performance over a wide range of frequencies relevant to human hearing. Static pressure in the middle ear cavity affects sound transmission to the cochlea, but few datasets exist to quantify the relationship between middle ear transmission and the static pressure. In this study, WAI measurements of ...

This paper employs a historical approach to address whether a country can avoid the middle-income trap. The development of the manufacturing sector and technological capacities are important for a country to avoid the middle-income trap. South Korea avoided the middleincome trap through developing the manufacturing sector. Argentina became a middle-income country by exporting agricultural goods...

empowering of terrorist groups in the middle east is the product of numerous reasons. one of the most important of these reasons is the competition between regional powers and their use of the leverage of terrorist groups in order to put pressure on each other. furthermore, immature and wrong policies of great powers like: the united states in militarization of the region have provided new just...

today power consumption is considered to be one of the important issues. therefore, its reduction plays a considerable role in developing systems. previous studies have shown that approximately 50% of total power consumption is used in cache memories. there is a direct relationship between power consumption and replacement quantity made in cache. the less the number of replacements is, the less...

Children in low- and middle-income countries are at high risk of cognitive deficits due to environmental deprivation that compromises brain development. Despite the high prevalence of unrealized cognitive potential, very little is known about neural correlates of cognition in this population. We assessed resting EEG power and cognitive ability in 105 highly disadvantaged 48-month-old children i...