Retrograde and anterograde transsynaptic viral vectors are useful tools for studying the input output organization of neuronal circuitry, respectively. While retrograde widely used, that show transduction not common. We chose recombinant avian adeno-associated virus (A3V) carrying mCherry gene injected it into eyeball, cochlear duct, midbrain auditory center chickens. observed different surviva...

Contemporary preclinical models suggest that abnormal functioning of a brain network consisting the hippocampus, midbrain and striatum plays critical role in pathophysiology schizophrenia. Previous neuroimaging studies examined individual aspects this model schizophrenia patients individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. However, exact has not been translated to human with therefore it i...

Removal of the midbrain tonic inhibitory mechanism on nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) results in increased temperatures of the interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) and rectum (T(IBAT) and T(rec), respectively) via an enhanced central sympathetic output. Because it is unlikely that neurons (primary) of the midbrain inhibitory mechanism tonically inhibit the IBAT monosynaptically, there mus...

functions. However, the mechanisms of GABAergic neurogenesis in the midbrain are not well understood. Previously, it has been shown that Ascl1 is required for development of GABAergic neurons in the midbrain. Here we have characterized in more detail the role of Ascl1 in the development of distinct subpopulations of midbrain GABAergic neurons. In Ascl1-null mutants GABAergic neurons are complet...

Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons play a central role in the regulation of voluntary movement, and their degeneration is associated with Parkinson's disease. Cell replacement therapies, and in particular embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived DA neurons, offer a potential therapeutic venue for Parkinson's disease. We sought to identify genes that can potentiate maturation of ES cell cultures to the midb...

functions. However, the mechanisms of GABAergic neurogenesis in the midbrain are not well understood. Previously, it has been shown that Ascl1 is required for development of GABAergic neurons in the midbrain. Here we have characterized in more detail the role of Ascl1 in the development of distinct subpopulations of midbrain GABAergic neurons. In Ascl1-null mutants GABAergic neurons are complet...

OBJECTIVES MRI-based measurements used to diagnose progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) typically lack pathologic verification and are not easy to use routinely. We aimed to develop in histologically proven disease a simple measure of the midbrain and pons on sagittal MRI to identify PSP. METHODS Measurements of the midbrain and pontine base on midsagittal T1-weighted MRI were performed in co...

The barn owl's midbrain and forebrain contain neurons tuned to sound direction. The spatial receptive fields of these neurons result from sensitivity to combinations of interaural time (ITD) and level (ILD) differences over a broad frequency range. While a map of auditory space has been described in the midbrain, no similar topographic representation has been found in the forebrain. The first n...