OBJECTIVE To develop a classification system for blepharitis and dry eye based on a classification-tree model of a large group of subjects who were given a variety of objective physiologic tests. METHODS We evaluated 513 subjects, some healthy and some with blepharitis and dry eye,with tests for tear volume, tear flow, and tear turnover and the Schirmer test for dry eye. Meibomian gland funct...

Scientists have been interested in studying the secretions of the meibomian glands for many years, and diseases associated with the meibomian glands (e.g., cancers, posterior blepharitis) have been noted in the medical literature since at least the early part of the 20th Century. However, the term “meibomian gland dysfunction” (MGD) was only introduced by Korb and Henriquez in 1980. The termino...

The goals of the subcommittee were to review the current practice and published evidence of medical and surgical treatment options for meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and to identify areas with conflicting, or lack of, evidence, observations, concepts, or even mechanisms where further research is required. To achieve these goals, a comprehensive review of clinical textbooks and the scientific...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between chronic cigarette smoking and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). METHODS This study enrolled 322 smokers with MGD and 2067 non-smokers with MGD. All enrolled subjects were tested in the following sequence: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), tear film breakup time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), Schirmer I test...

PURPOSE To assess the clinical efficacy of a newly developed disposable eyelid-warming device (Eye Warmer) for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). METHODS The Eye Warmer was applied for 5 minutes to 44 eyes of 22 patients who exhibited decreased tear break-up time (BUT) and dry-eye symptoms. Its efficacy was assessed on the basis of BUT and dry-eye symptoms in the short-term s...

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is one of the most common diseases observed in clinics; it influences a great number of people, and is the leading cause of evaporative dry eye. Given the increased recognition of the importance of MGD, a great amount of attention has been paid to therapies targeting this condition. The traditional treatments of MGD consist of warm compresses and lid hygiene fo...

OBJECTIVE To identify age-related changes in human meibomian glands that may be associated with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). METHODS Excess eyelid tissue from 36 patients (age range, 18-95 years, 19 female, 17 male) who underwent canthoplasty procedures were used. Dermatologic history, age, and presence of MGD were recorded. Samples were frozen, sectioned, and stained with specific anti...