The aim of this study was to determine whether the high levels of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes found in Spain are due to the introduction and spread of one or more clones. Phenotypic and genotypic techniques were used to characterize all erythromycin-resistant S. pyogenes (ErR) isolated in Gipuzkoa, Spain, in the last 10 years and 128 ErR isolated in Vitoria and Madrid duri...

Linezolid belongs to a new class of antimicrobials, the oxazolidinones, that act by inhibiting protein synthesis. To detect cross-resistance with other inhibitors of protein synthesis (chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines), the in vitro activity of linezolid was determined against isolates harbouring known genes conferring resistance to th...

Despite the concern of replacement disease, notably by serotype 19A after 7-valent conjugate vaccine (PCV7) use, serotype 19A was increasingly recognized in Korean children before the introduction of PCV7. To understand the dynamics of serogroup 19 prevalence from 1991-2006, we serotyped 538 pediatric pneumococcal isolates. Serogroup 19 isolates (n = 126) were characterized by antimicrobial dru...

A total of 204 nonrepetitive isolates of group A streptococci (GAS), including 107 randomly collected between 1992 and 1995 and 66 and 31 consecutively collected in 1997 and 1998, respectively, from a university hospital in southern Taiwan were examined to determine the prevalence and mechanisms of erythromycin resistance among these isolates. Resistance to erythromycin was detected in 129 isol...

The prevalence and mechanism of erythromycin resistance in commensal throat streptococci was determined from October 2000 until December 2002 as part of an ongoing study of the NIVEL in general practice patients (N=678). Resistance prevalence for 1mg/L and 16 mg/L erythromycin was 57% and 20%, respectively. The percentage of total commensal flora resistant within each patient ranged from 1% to ...

In our built environment, flat glass is an indispensable material. Its production requires the mining of raw materials and use fossil fuels results in emission pollutants including CO2. Western European countries, these emissions have been target a series energy efficiency measures reduction policies since 1945. Beginning with that year, this article studies material history industry Belgium, F...