Data Source In Minnesota, laboratory-confirmed infections of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are monitored by the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) through an active and passive surveillance system. State rules (Minnesota Rule 4605.7040) require both physicians and laboratories to report all cases of HIV infection (HIV or AIDS) directly to the MDH (passive surveillance). In June 2011, an ...

Central sensitization is a crucial process underlying the increased neuronal excitability of nociceptive pathways following peripheral tissue injury and inflammation. Our previous findings have suggested that extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) molecules acting at purinergic receptors located on presynaptic terminals (e.g., P2X2/3, P2X3 subunits) and glial cells are involved in the gl...

The metabolism of second order auditory neurons in nucleus magnocellularis (NM) in the chick brainstem can be profoundly altered when excitatory input from the cochlea is removed. Within hours of cochlea removal, NM neurons show an increase in histochemical staining for the Kreb’s cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), followed in several days by decreases in SDH staining. We examined the ...

The largest of the gene clusters coding for proteins involved in methanol oxidation is the cluster mxaFJGIR(S)ACKLDEHB. Disruption of most of these genes leads to lack of growth on methanol. The previous results showed that the mutant lacking MxaD grows on methanol although at a low rate. This is explained by the low rate of methanol oxidation by whole cells. The specific activity of methanol d...

Windup is a progressive, frequency-dependent increase in the excitability of trigeminal and spinal dorsal horn wide dynamic range (WDR) nociceptive neurons to repetitive stimulation of primary afferent nociceptive C-fibers. Superficial dorsal horn neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R)-expressing neurons were recently shown to regulate sensitization of WDR nociceptive neurons through activation of a defi...

Previous studies indicate that the astroglial glutamate-glutamine shuttle may be involved in acute pulpal inflammatory pain by influencing central sensitization induced in nociceptive neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis [the medullary dorsal horn (MDH)] by application of an inflammatory irritant to the rat tooth pulp. The aim of this study was to test if intrathecal application to the...

Four pyridine nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases, glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH),3 isocitric dehydrogenase (ICDH), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and malic dehydrogenase (MDH), and their isozymes have been studied in the normal virgin rat breast, in the breast of tumor-bearing rats, in the breast cancers themselves, and in these tissues following ovariectomy. Enzyme activity expressed per ...

In the Gram-positive methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus, methanol oxidation is catalyzed by an NAD-dependent methanol dehydrogenase (Mdh) that belongs to the type III alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) family. It was previously shown that the in vitro activity of B. methanolicus Mdh is increased by the endogenous activator protein Act, a Nudix hydrolase. Here we show that this feature is not unique, b...

The light-activated NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) catalyzes the reduction of oxaloacetate to malate in higher plant chloroplasts. This enzyme is regulated in vivo by the ferredoxin-thioredoxin system through redox reactions. NADP-MDH has been photoactivated in vitro in a chloroplast system reconstituted from the pure protein components and thylakoid membranes. Photoactivation was accompa...

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric procedure has been proposed for the assay of fluoroquinolones viz., ciprofloxacin (CPF) and norfloxacin (NRF), and antiallergic drugs viz., methdilazine hydrochloride (MDH) and isothipendyl hydrochloride (IPH) in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the reaction of selected drugs with Brilliant Blue G (BBG) in NaOAc-AcOH b...