the control problem and dynamic programming is a powerful tool in economics and management. we review the dynamic programming problem from its beginning up to its present stages. a problem which was involved in physics and mathematics in i 7” century led to a branch of mathematics called calculus of variation which was used in economic, and management at the end of the first quarter of the 20” ...

In this paper, we explain why, in our opinion, logic and constructive mathematics are playing – and should play – an important role in the design, understanding, and analysis of unconventional computation. Mathematics Subject Classification: 03A05, 03F60, 03F65, 68Q05, 65G20, 03F03

Modeling and Computation of Random Thermal Fluctuations and Material Defects in the Ginzburg–Landau Model for Superconductivity Jennifer Deang,∗,1 Qiang Du,† and Max D. Gunzburger‡ ∗Department of Mathematics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060-0123; †Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; and ‡D...

In this paper we use the Triangular and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers as tools for assessing student Mathematical Modelling (MM) skills. Fuzzy Numbers play a fundamental role in fuzzy mathematics analogous to the role played by the ordinary numbers in classical mathematics, On the other hand, MM appears today as a dynamic tool for teaching and learning mathematics, because it connects mathematics w...

abraham ungar is professor in the department of mathematics at north dakota state university. after gaining his b.sc. (1965) and m.sc. (1967) from the hebrew university in pure mathematics and ph.d. (1973) from tel-aviv university in applied mathematics, he held a postdoctoral position at the university of toronto (1974). ungar moved from toronto to pretoria where he held the position of a seni...

This study investigated curriculum influences on student mathematics achievement by following two groups of students from fifth to sixth grade that were taught either the reformed curriculum or the conventional curriculum. Analyses with three-level modeling were conducted to examine learning outcomes of the students who were assessed three times over a period of 18 months. Achievement was measu...