The difference between market risk and potential market risk is emphasized and a measure of the latter risk is proposed. Specifically, it is argued that the spectrum of smooth Lyapunov exponents can be utilized in what we call (λ, σ)-analysis, which is a method to monitor the aforementioned risk measures. The reason is that these exponents focus on the stability properties (λ) of the stochastic...

Noise is essential for the existence of a liquid market, and if noise traders are not present in the market, the trade volume will drop severely and an important aspect of the market philosophy will be lost. However, these noise traders bring noise to the market, and the existence of noise in prices indicates a temporary deviation in prices from their fundamental values. In particular, high-fre...

We develop a risk-neutral spot and equity option market simulator for single underlying, under which the joint process is martingale. leverage an efficient low-dimensional representation of preserves no static arbitrage, employ neural spline flows to simulate samples are free from conditional drifts highly realistic in sense that among all possible simulators, obtained closest historical data w...

the conventional theory of adverse selection is not supported by most of the empirical works. these studies conclude that low-risk individuals demand more insurance services than high-risks. they refer to this situation as advantageous selection theory. this theory states that loss ratio of insureds may be lower than the population loss ratio while the conventional theory of adverse selection c...