objectives: the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of mountaineering on health factors in elder people. methods & materials: this study was a cross-sectional study. forty three elderly men (mean age 57/7±9/3 yrs) were selected randomly fromparks of northern tehran. according to their activity and type of activity, subjects divided into three groups of mountaineer (n=15), trained (...

This commentary offers a perspective from another common law jurisdiction, specifically the law in England and Wales, where competency to stand trial on a criminal charge is known as fitness to plead. The commentary begins with a discussion on the principle of proportionality evident in health care decisions by way of comparison with the topic in the criminal arena. Fitness to plead is an histo...

The evolutionary algorithms discussed in this paper do not use crossover, nor mutation. Instead, they estimate and evolve a marginal probability distribution, the only responsible for generating new populations of chromosomes. So far, the analysis of this class of algorithms was confined to proportional selection and additive decomposable functions. Dropping both assumptions, we consider here t...

Conditions for invasion by a new allele that controls the recombination pattern among an arbitrary number of genes under viability selection are studied. The recombination pattern may include interference. The new allele increases if its appropriately averaged marginal fitness is greater than the mean fitness prior to its introduction. Under weak additive-by-additive epistatic selection, this c...

Antigenic peptides that bind pathogen-specific Abs are a potential source of subunit vaccine components. To be effective the peptides must be immunogenically fit: when used as immunogens they must elicit Abs that cross-react with native intact pathogen. In this study, antigenic peptides obtained from phage display libraries through epitope discovery were systematically examined for immunogenic ...

A population of virtual robots is evolved to perform the task of competitively painting the floor of a toroidal room. Two robots are present in any given room and paint using distinct colors. The fitness of a robot is the amount of floor painted with its own color, a situation where maximal marginal fitness comes from painting over squares already painted in an opponent’s color. The time requir...

background: this study investigated the effects of lignosus rhinocerotis (lrs) supplementation and resistance training (rt) on isokinetic muscular strength and power, anaerobic and aerobic fitness, and immune parameters in young males. methods: participants were randomly assigned to four groups: control (c), lrs, rt, and combined rt-lrs (rt-lrs). participants in the lrs and rt-lrs groups consum...

Sufficient cause interactions concern cases in which there is a particular causal mechanism for some outcome that requires the presence of 2 or more specific causes to operate. Empirical conditions have been derived to test for sufficient cause interactions. However, when regression outcome models are used to control for confounding variables in tests for sufficient cause interactions, the outc...

We observe that the Taylor-Frank method for making kin selection models when fitness w is a nonlinear function of a continuous actor’s phenotype y and the average phenotype z in its social environment requires w(y, z) to be differentiable (as a function of two variables, i.e., jointly in y and z). This means that even if w(y, z) is non-linear globally, locally it must be close to linear, meanin...