A traffic simulation and assignment model is used to compute the social costs of congestion in five English towns, together with potential road charges. The social costs of congestion are measured by the deadweight loss and computed as the area between the marginal social cost and inverse demand curves between the actual and efficient levels of traffic. Potential road charges are computed as th...

Background. It is important to understand the influence of different collar designs on peri-implant marginal bone loss, especially in the critical area. Objectives. The purpose of the present systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare dental implants with different collar surfaces, evaluating marginal bone loss and survival rates of implants. Methods. Eligibility criteria included clini...

To understand why the crown lengthening may be desirable, a review of periodontal anatomy is in order. The odontologists know, but often underestimate importance of periodontal tissues health to restoration of defected teeth or dental arches. In order to avoid pathological changes, to predict treatment results more precisely, it is necessary to keep gingival biological width unaltered during te...

BACKGROUND The first aim of this study was the quantification of nerve fibres found in terminal branches of facial nerve and the second aim was the ultrastructural analysis of these terminal branches in order to observe their ultrastructural differences, if present. In the examination of literature; we could not find any studies related to this subject. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four fresh frozen...

OBJECTIVES To visualise the ultrastructure of the interface of SCA compomer adhesive and of Optibond composite adhesive in enamel and dentin, and to relate the findings to the marginal adaptation of these two products in mixed class V restorations. METHODS The ultrastructure was investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with and without prior argon ion etching, an environmental ...

General laws of black-hole dynamics, some of which are analogous to the laws of thermodynamics, have recently been found for a general definition of black hole in terms of a future outer trapping horizon, a hypersurface foliated by marginal surfaces of a certain type. This theory is translated here into spin-coefficient language. Second law: the area form of a future outer trapping horizon is g...

ing from its dynamic effects on the economy, the potential benefits from deregulation of an inefficiently regulated sector may be illustrated in a simplified scheme first worked out by Harberger (1954) for the estimation of welfare losses from monopoly20. In this case, the Harberger measure of welfare loss corresponds to that part of the reduction in consumer surplus which is not appropriated b...