introduction more than 90% of drinking water in cities around the world and about 40% of the agricultural water supply from groundwater resources.,thus, groundwater quality consideration issue is inevitable . one of the most important parameter which can show the quality of drinking water is nitrate concentration. nitrate enters the groundwater and surface water through the decomposition of hum...

Phase-Contrast (PC) MRI utilizes phase shifts resulting from moving spins to quantify tissue motion and blood flow. In cardio-vascular PC MRI applications, visualization techniques such as vector glyphs, streamlines, and particle traces are employed for depicting the flow situation. Whereas these techniques indeed provide useful information, they ignore the noise in the PC-MRI measurements and ...

Methods Fig. S1. Pectin film. Fig. S2. Conductivity variation as a function of temperature in control experiments. Fig. S3. Current-temperature characteristics of a pectin film and corresponding Arrhenius plot. Fig. S4. Bending positions corresponding to experiment in Fig. 3A. Fig. S5. Setup for the electrical measurements performed on skins. Fig. S6. Readout circuit for the 4-pixel skin. Fig. ...

Spatial navigation and planning is assumed to involve a cognitive map for evaluating trajectories towards a goal. How such a map is realized in neuronal terms, however, remains elusive. Here we describe a simple and noise-robust neuronal implementation of a path finding algorithm in complex environments. We consider a neuronal map of the environment that supports a traveling wave spreading out ...

A map consists ofufinite set of mutually disjoint polygons. A data structure and ~~~~ent ulgor~t~m for polygon over1uy of dense map image data sets are d~s~u.~sed. The data structure, referred to as the ending-x structure, is a variant qf the y-partition structure developed by Merrill which is still bcidely acclaimed as an optimum raster data structure. The modest refinement of the ending-x str...