abstract the present article will discuss the issue of compensation in cases of expropriation and nationalization in the light of the iran-united states claims tribunal. it is a well recognized rule in international law that the property of alien cannot be taken without appropriate compensation. but, the standard of compensation for expropriated private property has been the subject of controv...

Abstract The interaction between artificial intelligence and intellectual property rights (IPRs) is one of the key areas development in law. After much, albeit selective, debate, it seems to be gaining increasing practical relevance through intense AI-related market activity, an initial set case law on matter, policy initiatives by international organizations lawmakers. Against this background,...

party autonomy and parties freedom in choosing the governing law to non-contractual liabilities, when this litigation has accompanied with international elements , is one of the innovations european law during approval the rome ii regulationwhich facilitates the simultaneous and balanced access to certainty and flexibility as two conflicting interests , and is accordance withmost recent theorie...

Biological innovations in agriculture did not enjoy protection by formal intellectual property rights (IPRs) for a long time, but the recent trend has been one of considerable broadening and strengthening of these rights. We document the nature of these IPRs and their evolution, and provide an assessment of their impacts on innovation. We integrate elements of the institutional history of plant...

iran energy exchange was established with the approval of exchange supreme council in june 2011, and started its activities in the early june, 2012. studying and investigating the rules and regulations of iran energy exchange, some interferences and disorders can be observed in the competency as well as multiplicity of the enactment authority. most of the energy exchange rules have been enacted...

The authors are concerned with the reconciliation of private rights that intellectual property rights (IPRs) represent with the public benefit deriving from properly developed technical standards. One of the key difficulties in achieving this aim is that IPRs are increasingly perceived as conflicting with other norms; in particular, the relationship between intellectual property law and competi...

This article explores certain international law aspects of the Bhopal disaster, namely the principles and rules of international law establishing international accountability for environmental damage; the criteria for determining the liability of the Union Carbide Company (U. S. A.) for the Bhopal disaster; the criteria for determining compensation; and the international remedies available to t...

There are no well-known properties in regulatory DNA analogous to those in coding sequences; their spatial location is not regular, the consensus regulatory elements are often degenerate and there are no understandable rules governing their evolution. This makes it difficult to recognize regulatory regions within genome. We review developments in the statistical characterization of regulatory r...