Finite State Machine (FSM) model is widely used in the construction of binary convolutional codes. If Z2 = {0, 1} is the binary mod-2 addition group and Z n 2 is the n-times direct product of Z2, then a binary convolutional encoder, with rate k n < 1 and memory m, is a FSM with Z2 as inputs group, Z n 2 as outputs group and Z m 2 as states group. The next state mapping ν : Z2⊕Z m 2 → Z m 2 is a...

let $mathcal {a} $ and $mathcal {b} $ be c$^*$-algebras. assume that $mathcal {a}$ is of real rank zero and unital with unit $i$ and $k>0$ is a real number. it is shown that if $phi:mathcal{a} tomathcal{b}$ is an additive map preserving $|cdot|^k$ for all normal elements; that is, $phi(|a|^k)=|phi(a)|^k $ for all normal elements $ainmathcal a$, $phi(i)$ is a projection, and there exists a posit...

Let $L$ be a completely regular frame and $mathcal{R}L$ be the ‎ring of continuous real-valued functions on $L$‎. ‎We show that the‎ ‎lattice $Zid(mathcal{R}L)$ of $z$-ideals of $mathcal{R}L$ is a‎ ‎normal coherent Yosida frame‎, ‎which extends the corresponding $C(X)$‎ ‎result of Mart'{i}nez and Zenk‎. ‎This we do by exhibiting‎ ‎$Zid(mathcal{R}L)$ as a quotient of $Rad(mathcal{R}L)$‎, ‎the‎ ‎...

Motivated by the Alday-Gaiotto-Tachikawa (AGT) conjecture, we construct a homomorphism from affine super Yangian [Formula: see text] to universal enveloping algebra of rectangular W-superalgebra for all m ≠ n, m, n ≥ 2 or 3, = 0. Furthermore, show that image this is dense, provided k + ( − n)( l 1)

A graph homomorphism is an edge preserving vertex mapping between two graphs. Locally constrained homomorphisms are those that behave well on the neighborhoods of vertices — if the neighborhood of any vertex of the source graph is mapped bijectively (injectively, surjectively) to the neighborhood of its image in the target graph, the homomorphism is called locally bijective (injective, surjecti...

For digraphs D and H , a mapping f : V (D)→V (H) is a homomorphism of D to H if uv ∈ A(D) implies f(u)f(v) ∈ A(H). For a fixed directed or undirected graph H and an input graph D, the problem of verifying whether there exists a homomorphism of D to H has been studied in a large number of papers. We study an optimization version of this decision problem. Our optimization problem is motivated by ...

The Gorenstein projective modules are proved to form a precovering class in the module category of a ring which has a dualizing complex. 0. Introduction This paper proves over a wide class of rings that the Gorenstein projective modules form a precovering class in the module category. Let me explain this statement. There are two terms of mystery, “Gorenstein projective modules” and “precovering...

this paper continues the investigation of the rst author begun in part one. the hereditary properties of n-homomorphism amenability for banach algebras are investigated and the relations between n-homomorphism amenability of a banach algebra and its ide- als are found. analogous to the character amenability, it is shown that the tensor product of two unital banach algebras is n-homomorphism am...

We study a cross-ratio of four generic points of S which comes from spherical CR geometry. We construct a homomorphism from a certain group generated by generic configurations of four points in S to the pre-Bloch group P(C). If M is a 3-dimensional spherical CR manifold with a CR triangulation, by our homomorphism, we get a P(C)-valued invariant for M . We show that when applying to it the Bloc...

Proof. The intersection P of all subfields of F is a field by Exercise 1.4. Consider the ring homomorphism φ : Z → F given by φ(n) = n · 1. Since any subfield contains 1 and is closed under addition, imφ is contained in P . If Char F = p 6= 0 then imφ is isomorphic to Z/pZ = Fp. Since this is a field, we have P = imφ ∼= Fp. If Char F = 0 then φ is injective. Define φ̂ : Q → F by φ̂(m/n) = φ(m)/φ(...