Target-site and non-target-site herbicide tolerance are caused by the prevention of herbicide binding to the target enzyme and the reduction to a nonlethal dose of herbicide reaching the target enzyme, respectively. There is little information on the molecular mechanisms involved in non-target-site herbicide tolerance, although it poses the greater threat in the evolution of herbicide-resistant...

A wild population of a plant species, especially a cross-pollinated species, can display considerable genetic variation. Genetic variability is evident in differential susceptibility to an herbicide because the population can show continuous phenotypic variation. Recent, recurrent selection studies have revealed that phenotypic variation in response to low herbicide rates is heritable and can r...

Environmental risks resulting from increasing application of herbicides have raised many concerns about human health and safety of agro ecosystems and environment. Hence, it is very important to find practical and effective methods for reducing the use of pesticides in environment as well as the increasing the efficiency of these compounds. Addition of adjuvants to spray solutions could be cons...

to evaluate the competition between wheat and wild mustard (sinapis arvensis) in nitrogen and herbicide levels, an experiment was conducted in ramin agriculture and natural resources university, at 2007-8. a split-plots design in rcbd (randomized complete blocks design) with three replications was used for this experiment. the nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120 and 180kg/ha) arranged in main plots. ea...

background: this study was performed to compare the effects of low dose interferon beta-1 (ifn-β-1) (cinnovex, 30 mcg) and high dose ifn-β-1 (rebif, 44 mcg) on the reduction of the number and size of plaques in magnetic resonance imaging (mri) in patients with multiple sclerosis (ms). methods: this historical cohort study, which was performed in 2014 in sanandaj (western part of iran). 43 ms pa...

the trial randomized complete block design with four replications in summer 1394 on a farm in the village of dotuyeh, kahrizak district located in the share ray to study the effects of different methods of weed control on qualitative and quantitative yield forage corn varieties (sc.704) do was. the experiment consisted of black plastic mulch, on black plastic mulch silver, mung bean living mulc...

Herbicide use is among the most criticized aspects of modern farming, especially as it relates to genetically engineered (GE) crops. Many previous analyses have used flawed metrics to evaluate herbicide intensity and toxicity trends. Here, I show that herbicide use intensity increased over the last 25 years in maize, cotton, rice and wheat. Although GE crops have been previously implicated in i...

Microorganisms decompose herbicides and they may serve as bioindicators of soil changes following herbicide application. Certain microbial species may be used as bioherbicides. This study has shown that Azotobacter is most sensitive to herbicide application; it is, therefore, a reliable indicator of the biological value of soil. The numbers of this group of nitrogen-fixing bacteria decrease con...

in order to study the tolerance level of different wild barley (hordeum spontaneum) populations to clodinafop propargyl (topic®), a pot dose response experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at ferdowsi university of mashhad greenhouse in 2009. cultivared barley (hordeum vulgare) and three wild barley populations (shiraz, boshroyeh, and torogh) were stu...