In the present study, we investigated whether the peripherally acting micro-opioid receptor agonist loperamide would inhibit allodynia in the non-inflamed dermatome of mice with herpetic pain. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of loperamide (1 and 3 mg/kg) inhibited allodynia. Local (intraplantar) injection of loperamide (1 and 5 microg/site) also produced an anti-allodynic effect. The peripheral o...

Cold-induced vasodilatation (CIVD), which occurs in fingers and toes exposed to extreme cold, is a defensive reaction of protecting the extremities against frostbite. Yoshimura and Iida (1950) developed a practical method, based on observation of CIVD reactivity, for assessing peripheral resistance against frostbite (local cold tolerance). Thereafter, many studies using this test method to clar...

T cell surveillance is often effective against virus-associated tumors because of their high immunogenicity. It is not clear why surveillance occasionally fails, particularly against hepatitis B virus- or hepatitis C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We established a transgenic murine model of virus-induced HCC by hepatocyte-specific adenovirus-induced activation of the oncogenic...

When a manipulator suuers a joint failure, its performance can be signiicantly affected. If the failed joint is locked, the resulting manipulator Jacobian is given by the original Jacobian, except that the column associated with the failed joint is removed. The rank of the resulting Jacobian then determines if the manipulator still has the ability to perform arbitrary end-eeector motions. Unfor...

The importance of fault-tolerance mechanisms in application-independent systems, has led to the increased use of techniques based in \macroscopic" replication of components and software oriented error processing. In distributed environments, management of the replication of components throughout diierent sites, may beneet from the availability of reliable broadcast or multicast protocols. This ...

purpose: to compare general anesthesia (ga) with local anesthesia (la) in terms of safety and patient satisfaction. methods: in this interventional case series, 928 consecutive patients who underwent vitreoretinal surgery were included. data for analysis were type of anesthesia and operation, patient compliance, operating conditions and pain scores. general anesthesia was provided with a standa...

Action-level (AL) fault tolerance means to accomplish every critical action (output action of a critical task as speciied) successfully in spite of component failures. Therefore, it is aimed for the highest degree of fault tolerance in real-time computer systems. Several basic techniques developed in recent years for realizing action-level fault tolerance in real-time LAN (local area network)-b...

Guideline Title Non-clinical Local Tolerance Testing of Medicinal Products Legislative basis Directive 75/318/EEC as amended Date of first adoption December 1990 Date of entry into force June 1991 Status Last revised 1990 Previous titles/other references Local Tolerance Testing of Medicinal Products III/3979/88 Additional Notes This note for guidance concerns the application of part 3, section ...