Cache coherence protocols based on self-invalidation and self-downgrade have recently seen increased popularity due to their simplicity, potential performance efficiency, and low energy consumption. However, such protocols result in memory instruction reordering, thus causing extra program behaviors that are often not intended by the programmers. We propose a novel formal model that captures th...

Cache coherence protocols using self-invalidation and selfdowngrade have recently seen increased popularity due to their simplicity, potential performance efficiency, and low energy consumption. However, such protocols result in memory instruction reordering, thus causing extra program behaviors that are often not intended by the programmer. We propose a novel formal model that captures the sem...

1. Introduction Many data items collected by the Bureau of the Census Economic Programs are subjected to ratio edits. In a ratio edit, the ratio of two correlated items is compared to upper and lower bounds, known as tolerances. Reported items that fall outside of the tolerances are considered edit failures, and one or both of the items in an edit-failing ratio are either imputed or flagged for...

The intestinal epithelium can be easily disrupted during gut inflammation as seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. For a long time, research into the pathophysiology of IBD has been focused on immune cell-mediated mechanisms. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the intestinal epithelium might play a major role in the development and perpetu...

BACKGROUND Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a recurring problem that appears wherever the range of elephants and humans overlap. Different methods including the use of electric fences are used worldwide to mitigate this conflict. Nonetheless, elephants learn quickly that their tusks do not conduct electricity and use them to break down fences (fence-breakers). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS I...

Rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) are a widespread centrarchid species with both riverine and lacustrine populations. After precipitation events, rivers often carry elevated silt loads, where as lakes generally remain free from suspended silt and sediment. To examine the physiological effects of silt on rock bass, we conducted a series of experiments using fish from Lake Opinicon and the Grand ...

A new code for the design of the guard fence performances was implemented and issued in April 1999 in Japan. The prescribed performances of the new code are: i) prevention of derail, ii) safety of occupant, iii) leading vehicles to road, and iv) prevention of spreading out the broken pieces. In the new code, the full-scale experiment for checking the performances of guard fences is required in ...

This paper uses the introduction of barbed wire fences to the American Midwest in the late 19th century to estimate the effects of property rights on farmers’ production decisions. Farmers were both formally and informally required to build fences to secure exclusive land-use rights, yet preferred wooden fences had been prohibitively expensive in areas with little woodland. The introduction and...