A fire in an enclosed space, such as a room in a building, is generally called a compartment fire. To prevent the compartment fire, a sprinkler for first-aid fire-fighting is installed in rooms. However, it is difficult to determine the degree to which smoke generation and the fire spreading will be inhibited when sprinklers are on. In particular, demonstrating evacuation behavior assuming an a...

Scarcity of fresh high-quality water has heightened the importance of wastewater reuse primarily in dry regions together with improving its efficient use by implementing the Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) method. Sustainable effluent reuse combines soil and plant aspects, along with the maintainability of the application system. In this study, field experiments were conducted for two years on...

Two studies were conducted investigating the effect of injecting short acting insulin subcutaneously by means of a sprinkler needle; this needle has 14 small holes in the wall but is sealed at the tip. In the first study absorption of 8 U iodine-125 labelled Actrapid HM injected subcutaneously at two separate sites in the abdominal wall was measured in 10 patients. One injection was given with ...

Performance based methodologies are becoming increasingly common in fire safety due to the inability of prescriptive codes to account for every architectural feature. Fire Sprinkler suppression systems have long been used to provide property protection and enhance life safety. However, very few methodologies exist to account for the impact of sprinkler sprays on fire scenarios. Current methods ...

This paper reports on the Response Time Index (RTI) of sprinkler heads. The standard plunge test has been carried out in a hot wind tunnel, which is similar to the one developed at the Fire Research Station, United Kingdom. Some of the modifications have been finished in this wind tunnel for the higher accuracy purpose. About 37 liquid-in glass sprinkler heads are studied including the pendent ...

S prinklers are used extensively in a variety of fire protection applications. These systems are required to perform effectively over a wide range of extremely harsh and complex operating conditions. The sprinkler performance depends on the initiation, formation, dispersion and surface cooling characteristics of the sprays created by these devices. The behaviour of sprinkler sprays is strongly ...

This paper describes and evaluates Sprinkler, a reliable highthroughput broadcast facility for geographically dispersed datacenters. For scaling cloud services, datacenters use caching throughout their infrastructure. Sprinkler can be used to broadcast update events that invalidate cache entries. The number of recipients can scale to many thousands in such scenarios. The Sprinkler infrastructur...