phatic communion is a cultural concept which differs across cultures. according to hofstede (2001), the u.s. tends to have individualistic culture; however, asian countries tend to have collectivistic cultures. these cultures view phatic communion differently. in individualistic cultures like u.s., phatic communion reflects speakers’ socio-cultural relationships in conversations. to see whether...

Medical ethics has a long history worldwide, and the move towards a trans-cultural ethics must be based on an appreciation of the civilizations’ history. It is often thought that medical ethics history has begun by Hippocrates, however it is much older. It is clear that various cultures such as Babylonia, ancient Egypt, Greece, and the Persians have attempted to regulate medicine and to protect...

Abstract      Neo-platonic philosophy is regarded as one of the most important philosophical schools of ancient Greece that plato in the third century made it into a coherent and comprehensive philosophical system, and it was dominated the east and mitially has influenced and west for perpetual years. This system initially influenced philosophy and Christian mysticism and later Sufism. There i...