This article updates the private social welfare expenditures series with complete data for 1985 and information for most categories through 1986. In the United States, private sector expenditures play a substantial role in the provision of social welfare services. This article presents private social welfare expenditures in terms of the four major categories--health, education, welfare and rela...

Punitive damages deter and punish. Using a social welfare function that incorporates both economic efficiency and a desire for retribution, this paper explores the effects of punitive damages in situations of reckless disregard that might be viewed as outrageous. If the defendant was making a rational decision that reflected all of social costs, any level of punitive damages lowers efficiency. ...

Vaccines are important tools for disease prevention and, in obstetric patients, to prevent transmission to infants. Obstetrician-gynecologists are well situated to screen for immunization status of women of child-bearing age and to provide appropriate vaccinations. A series of research investigated obstetrician-gynecologists' beliefs, practices, and knowledge regarding immunization. Surveys wer...

BACKGROUND There are contradictory results regarding whether there is a social gradient in common mental disorders or not, or if this relation differs for different indicators or by gender. We analysed the relation between various measures of socio-economic position and later psychological distress among men and women in a Swedish context. METHODS The study is based on data from the Northern ...

Previous research has documented the associations between parenting and parenting styles and child and adolescent outcomes. Little is known, however, about the social structuring of parenting in contemporary Nordic welfare states. A possible hypothesis is that socioeconomic variations in parenting styles in present-day Norway will be small because of material affluence, limited income inequalit...

background: because of the close relationship between economic growth and welfare of the societies many economists have been seeking to identify the sources of economic growth. human capital through enhancing workforce skills and quality, increases the amount of workforce income which consequently leads to economic growth. methods: this study is based on data from the social accounting matrix o...

Despite the high rates of service for emotional disturbance among child welfare involved youth, much remains to be understood about this population. This study is the first to use longitudinal data to examine the needs and outcomes of children in special education (comparing those with emotional disturbance (ED) and those without) according to child welfare involvement (none, child abuse and ne...