The focus of this article is to throw light on the imminent need for an effective system for extraction, representation and construction of legal norms, especially the national patent law norms. This system, complementary to the FSTP-Expert system, would aim at (semi)-automatically translating the parts of the notion “legal certainty” from its natural language non procedural presentation to a d...

The focus of this article is to provide first approachs to a possible key solution representation and construction of legal norms, especially the national patent law norms. A semantic-system based on these approaches, complementary to the FSTP/IES-Expert system, would aim at (semi)-automatically translating the parts of the notion legal certainty from its natural language non procedural present...

As RFID proliferation continues toward global implementation, technology and legal solutions to address privacy and security issues are required. In general, Americans are the most sensitive to these issues, Europeans are more accepting, and Asians have little control over RFID utilization. The current state of available security technologies and global legal systems are reviewed. To avoid publ...

Socioeconomic disparities in health persist despite significant advances in medicine, universal coverage, and quality of care.1,2 Although the relationship between poverty and poor health is complex, access to basic needs such as adequate housing and nutrition, appropriate education, and personal safety is well documented to improve health trajectories.3 The article by Beck et al4 in this issue...

assistive technologies have always opened new horizons in human’s life, posed solutions to problems and brought relief and prosperity for human beings. iranian judicial authorities have recently recognized the importance of medical technologies. accordingly, iranian legal system has recognized surrogacy and a surrogacy contract seems unavoidable for surrogacy to be legally valid, socially accep...

Internationalisation and the expansion of the European Union have created a situation where the need for legal information from foreign countries and from different legislative levels is greater than ever before. This information is increasingly becoming available in digital form due to the increase in legal information repositories on the Internet. In spite of this, users of European legal inf...