Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an advanced technology and has been used widely in many applications such as health monitoring, environment monitoring, military purpose etc. Nature of this network is that they are often placed in an open environment and are susceptible to various attacks. Traditional cryptography methods are not supportable in WSNs as they have high energy and resource constra...

Network lifetime is one of the important metrics that indicate the performance of a sensor network. Different techniques are used to elongate network lifetime. Among them, clustering is one of the popular techniques. LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is one of the most widely cited clustering solutions due to its simplicity and effectiveness. LEACH has several parameters that can...

Routing is an important challenge in WSN due to the presence of hundreds or thousands of sensor nodes. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) is a hierarchical routing and data dissemination protocol. LEACH divides a network domain into several sub-domains that are called clusters. Non-uniformity of cluster distribution and CHs selection without considering the positions of other sens...

This paper presents the experimental results for the leaching of printed circuit boards (PCB) from obsolete computers for extracting and recovering tin and copper by means of leaching followed by precipitation. Printed circuit boards were dismantled, cut into small pieces, and fed into a cylinder mill. The powder obtained was leached by using the aqueous solutions 2.18N H2SO4, 2.18N H2SO4 + 3.0...

The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring enormous changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Hierar...

In wireless sensor networks (wsn) power is the most essential resource because each sensor node has limited batteries. So Many kinds of existing clustering protocols have been developed to balance and maximize lifetime of the sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. In this dissertation we present T-LEACH which is a threshold-based cluster head replacement scheme for clustering protocols of wi...

Internet of Things (IoTs) as a new network pattern for the intelligent world usually uses wireless sensor networks (WSNs) perception layer which consisted numerous number nodes scattered in environment to gather intended information. The selected information then is sent base station (BS) be cloud server further processing. Since energy limited, most significant challenge these reducing consump...

Wireless sensor Network (WSN) now finds a plethora of sectors in which to collect data and monitor both physical environmental functions. The most significant challenge we confront WSN is energy usage life span. delivered nodes through the battery adds complexity. demand for energy-boosting approaches growing. This study aims provide routing protocol that efficient. method aids lowering consump...