BACKGROUND AND AIM: Isthmuses are narrow and strip shaped connections between two canals containing pulpal tissue that may encompass bacteria as well. They are hardly accessible for cleaning; therefore, success and failure of root canal treatments could be affected by their presence. The present study was carried out aiming to evaluate the incidence, location, and type of isthmus in mandibular ...

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of the sexual component of AIDS and HIV campaigns on transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). DESIGN Comparison of time series data. SETTING England, 1971-1999. OUTCOME MEASURES HIV transmission and diagnoses among men who have sex with men (MSMs), rates of attendances and specific STI diagnoses (per 100 000 total population) at ...

Rare but important transition events between long lived states are a key feature 1 of many molecular systems. In many cases the computation of rare event statistics by direct 2 molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is infeasible even on the most powerful computers 3 because of the immensely long simulation timescales needed. Recently a technique for 4 spatial discretization of the molecular state...

Marginal structural models (MSMs) are causal models designed to adjust for time-dependent confounding in observational studies of time-varying treatments. MSMs are powerful tools for assessing causality with complicated, longitudinal data sets but have not been widely used by practitioners. The objective of this paper is to illustrate the fitting of an MSM for the causal effect of iron suppleme...

• A comprehensive picture of the shape-morphing phenomenon MSMs is highlighted. Materials and advanced 3D printing techniques for are discussed in detail. Programming (re-programming) actuation delivered Applications classified using a length-scale (macro/milli/micro/nanoscale) first time. Specific examples properties extensively used potential direction presented. Magnetoactive soft materials ...

It has recently become practical to construct Markov state models (MSMs) that reproduce the long-time statistical conformational dynamics of biomolecules using data from molecular dynamics simulations. MSMs can predict both stationary and kinetic quantities on long timescales (e.g. milliseconds) using a set of atomistic molecular dynamics simulations that are individually much shorter, thus add...

A new class of Marginal Structural Models (MSMs), History-Restricted MSMs (HRMSMs), was recently introduced for longitudinal data for the purpose of defining causal parameters which may often be better suited for public health research or at least more practicable than MSMs (6, 2). HRMSMs allow investigators to analyze the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome based on a fixed, shorter and...

We propose an efficient method for the prediction of protein folding rate constants and mechanisms. We use molecular dynamics simulation data to build Markovian state models (MSMs), discrete representations of the pathways sampled. Using these MSMs, we can quickly calculate the folding probability (P(fold)) and mean first passage time of all the sampled points. In addition, we provide technique...