REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The exact relationship between the saddle pressure pattern during one stride cycle and the movements of horse and rider at the walk are poorly understood and have never been investigated in detail. HYPOTHESIS The movements of rider and horse account for the force distribution pattern under the saddle. METHOD Vertical ground reaction forces (GRF), kinematics of h...

We investigated adaptation to simple force field scaling to determine whether the same strategy is used as during adaptation to more complex changes in the mechanical environment. Subjects initially trained in a force field, consisting of a rightward lateral force with a parabolic spatial profile (PF). The field strength was then unexpectedly increased or decreased (DeltaPF) for repeated sets o...

for any agency dealing with the design of the water distribution network, an economic design will be an objective. in this research, central force optimization (cfo) and differential evolution (de) algorithm were used to optimize ismail abad water distribution network. optimization of the network has been evaluated by developing an optimization model based on cfo and de algorithm in matlab and ...

The tribological properties of two distinctive alkanethiol SAMs, 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) and 1-octadecanethiol (ODT), on gold substrates in various humidity conditions were examined by lateral force microscopy (LFM). The results suggest that hydrophobic ODT SAM is insensitive to humidity. The difference of lateral force signal is within ±10% regardless of humidity. The lateral force ...

Lateral forces are important cues for shape perception through active touch [1,2]. They can elicit illusory haptic shapes, or perceptually transform the shape of physical objects [1]. Here, it is shown that lateral force, and correlates such as acceleration and velocity, are inherently ambiguous as shape cues under passive touch conditions. The lateral forces arising when passively touching obj...

distribution income show how national income divide between economic sectors and social groups. it effect on social justice and many factors effect on it, such as productivity of labor force and employment rate. in this paper, factors affecting distribution income, especially productivity of labor force have been analyzed by panel data model for 32 countries during 1998-2005. the results show e...

it has been pointed out the static lateral response procedure for a base-isolated structure proposed in international building code (ibc) somewhat overestimates the seismic story force. that is why in the current paper, vertical distribution of base shear over the height of isolated structures considering higher mode effects under near field earthquakes is investigated. nonlinear behavior of is...

To explore the role of the brush-like proteoglycan, aggrecan, in the shear behavior of cartilage tissue, we measured the lateral resistance to deformation of a monolayer of chemically end-attached cartilage aggrecan on a microcontact printed surface in aqueous NaCl solutions via lateral force microscopy. The effects of bath ionic strength (IS, 0.001-1.0 M) and lateral displacement rate (approxi...