Fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae) emit various types of light that differ among species and populations of the same species. Their lights are assumed to be biological properties that play important ecological and evolutionary roles. Some species in the Lampyridae emit periodic luminescence, the patterns of which are characterized by species-specific intervals. In previous work, it was predicte...

Cuticular nanostructures found in insects effectively manage light for light polarization, structural color, or optical index matching within an ultrathin natural scale. These nanostructures are mainly dedicated to manage incoming light and recently inspired many imaging and display applications. A bioluminescent organ, such as a firefly lantern, helps to out-couple light from the body in a hig...

General methods for the construction of magic squares of any order have been searched for centuries. Several " standard strategies " have been found for this purpose, such as the " knight movement " , or the construction of bordered magic squares, which played an important role in the development of general methods. What we try to do here is to give a general and comprehensive approach to the c...

A knight‟s tour on a board is a sequence of knight moves that visits each square exactly once. A knight‟s tour on a square board is called magic knight‟s tour if the sum of the numbers in each row and column is the same (magic constant). Knight‟s tour in higher dimensions (n > 3) is a new topic in the age-old world of knight‟s tours. In this paper, it has been proved that there can‟t be magic k...

tion " of poverty. It is impossible, by waving a magic wand, to rehouse great numbers of people, and a Labour Government would find itself faced by the same practical difficulties that have hitherto hampered and, in great measure, must continue to hamper, both central and local administrations. Slum clearance is a costly process, and comparatively little can be done in that direction until home...

A magic square is an n × n array of distinct positive integers whose sum along any row, column, or main diagonal is the same number. We compute the number of such squares for n = 4, as a function of either the magic sum or an upper bound on the entries. The previous record for both functions was the n = 3 case. Our methods are based on inside-out polytopes, i.e., the combination of hyperplane a...

The use of fluorescent proteins has revolutionized our understanding of biological processes. However, the requirement for external illumination precludes their universal application to the study of biological processes in all tissues. Although light can be created by chemiluminescence, light emission from existing chemiluminescent probes is too weak to use this imaging modality in situations w...

BACKGROUND Bioluminescence in fireflies and click beetles is produced by a luciferase-luciferin reaction. The luminescence property and protein structure of firefly luciferase have been investigated, and its cDNA has been used for various assay systems. The chemical structure of firefly luciferin was identified as the D-form in 1963 and studies on the biosynthesis of firefly luciferin began ear...

SYNOPSIS. In light-producing cells (photocytes) of the firefly light organ, mitochondria are clustered in the cell periphery, positioned between the tracheolar air supply and the oxygen-requiring bioluminescent reactants which are sequestered in more centrally-localized peroxisomes. This relative positioning suggests that mitochondria could control oxygen availability for the light reaction. We...

In light-producing cells (photocytes) of the firefly light organ, mitochondria are clustered in the cell periphery, positioned between the tracheolar air supply and the oxygen-requiring bioluminescent reactants which are sequestered in more centrally-localized peroxisomes. This relative positioning suggests that mitochondria could control oxygen availability for the light reaction. We hypothesi...