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Most of the nearly 4 million births in the United States annually are normal spontaneous vaginal deliveries. In the first stage of labor, normal birth outcomes can be improved by encouraging the patient to walk and stay in upright positions, waiting until at least 6 cm dilation to diagnose active stage arrest, providing continuous labor support, using intermittent auscultation in low-risk deliv...

Background: Intrapartum ultrasound (ITU) techniques have been described only in maternal semi-recumbent position. However, other birthing positions, such as side-lying, are more comfortable for many mothers. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that ITU measurements can be obtained lateral positions during second stage of labor. Methods: A single-center, prospective observational was ...

Over the last two decades, the most prominent social and economic changes in the world have been observed in formerly socialist economies. The process, commonly understood as ‘transition’, has gendered consequences and differential implications for men and women. Though much of the research on transitional economies has overlooked the gender dimension, some recent studies on Russia and Central ...

We present a new way of extracting policy positions from political texts that treats texts not as discourses to be understood and interpreted but rather, as data in the form of words. We compare this approach to previous methods of text analysis and use it to replicate published estimates of the policy positions of political parties in Britain and Ireland, on both economic and social policy dim...

Despite the Chilean economic success and the high number of women appointees in executive positions, a wide gender gap still exists in the political and economic realms, which is even broader than in the rest of Latin America. This study looks at the labor market, an area in which the gender divide is strong and prevents women’s progress. It examines (1) the situation of Chilean women at work s...

OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of nonpharmacologic approaches to pain relief during labor, according to their endogenous mechanism of action, on obstetric interventions, maternal, and neonatal outcomes. DATA SOURCE Cochrane library, Medline, Embase, CINAHL and the MRCT databases were used to screen studies from January 1990 to December 2012. STUDY SELECTION According to Cochrane criteria,...

US PRESIDENTIAL task force composed of apparel industry representatives, unions, and human rights activists recently agreed to codes of conduct for labor practices by multinational corporations; in response to negative publicity, Nike, the athletic shoe and apparel company, hired former US ambassador to the United Nations Andrew Young to conduct an independent investigation of its labor practic...

While existing research has documented persistent barriers facing African-American job seekers, far less research has questioned how job seekers respond to this reality. Do minorities self-select into particular segments of the labor market to avoid discrimination? Such questions have remained unanswered due to the lack of data available on the positions to which job seekers apply. Drawing on t...