1 Introduction Second language (L2) effects-of-instruction research over the past decade have investigated what types of instruction are most effective for fostering second or foreign language learning in L2 classrooms (Doughty & Williams, 1998; Doughty, 2003). Indeed, a number of L2 pronunciation researchers appeared to claim that classroom instruction should involve systematic treatments to d...

Four synthetic peptides (Peptidyl MIMs; Demeter Biotechnologies, Inc.) were evaluated for their in vitro activity against Acholeplasma laidlawii. Fifty percent effective concentration values ranged from 1 to 15 microM. Three of these compounds are more lethal than cecropin B against A. laidlawii.

A tandem solar cell device whose sub-cells are fabricated exclusively from small molecules (SMs) through both solution-processed and vacuum-processed deposition techniques is described. The front sub-cell's active layer consists of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) DPP(TBFu)2:PC70BM device while the back cell has a typical bilayer structure employing a 2,4-bis[4-(N,N-diisobutylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphe...

An important area of development for second language (L2) students is learning how to share ideas with an audience through writing. Some researchers suggest that writing is a primary language skill that holds greater challenges for L2 learners than speaking, listening, or reading (Bell & Burnaby, 1984; Bialystok, 1978; Brown & Yule, 1983; Nunan, 1989; White, 1981). Writing skills are especially...

The aim of this article is to discuss the role input characteristics in development French verb morphology. From a usage-based perspective, several cognitive and linguistic factors contribute ease or difficulty processing L2 acquisition. This concentrates on frequency, salience, form–function association, that might influence what aspects are available learners’ attention. A presentation morpho...

The study of second langiage (L2) speech production has a long history in second language (SLA) research, both for what it can tell us about the development of the specific skill and how it might illuminate the general processes of SLA. Over time, studies in L2 phonological attainment have become a battleground for perennial issues in SLA research encompassing cognitive, psychological, and soci...

In Drosophila, growth takes place during the larval stages until the formation of the pupa. Starvation delays pupariation to allow prolonged feeding, ensuring that the animal reaches an appropriate size to form a fertile adult. Pupariation is induced by a peak of the steroid hormone ecdysone produced by the prothoracic gland (PG) after larvae have reached a certain body mass. Local downregulati...