the clean development mechanism (cdm) under the kyoto protocol is the only mechanism with dual objectives in which non-annex b countries of the protocol, particular developing countries, have the ability to participate in it. certified emission reduction (cer) units resulting from the activities of the cdm projects are the tradable units that usually traded by the participants in these projects...

Preliminary analysis indicates that careful consideration of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions and sinks from a variety of sources as provided in the Kyoto Protocol is warranted. Sources, projections, abatement options and uncertainties in these estimations are investigated in support of Post-Kyoto assessments of burden sharing in the European Union. Despite large uncertainties, evidence is give...

Following a decade of international meetings and negotiations, more than 160 nations signaled their commitment to address the problem of climate change by initialing the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997. The Protocol requires industrialized “Annex I” countries to reduce their total greenhouse gas emissions by an average of roughly five percent compared to 1990 levels; developing countries are no...

This paper focuses on the economic desirability of the fixed and relatively short-term greenhouse gas targets and timetables in the Kyoto Protocol. The Protocol provides flexibility in which greenhouse gases to control, where control can be implemented, and what domestic policy measures are used. However, the Protocol does not allow much flexibility in when emission reductions take place in pur...

This article adapts a theory of ecological modernization to characterize countries by their economic, political, and cultural development to estimate their structural and strategic readiness to commit and comply with the Kyoto Protocol. Hypotheses logically derived from ecological modernization theory perform as expected, with substantial variation in Kyoto Protocol ratification explained by ou...