the authors’ explanation is enlightening: there are more prescriptions written for narcotics but for a small number of patients from the general population. The database for Che and colleagues is a representative statewide sample of patients, rather than a list from a practice. Their study emphasizes the value of looking at total populations as a starting point, rather than simply our own pract...

Voluntary opt-in programs to reduce emissions in unregulated sectors or countries have spurred considerable discussion. Since any regulator will make errors in predicting baselines and participants will self-select into the program, adverse selection will reduce efficiency and possibly environmental integrity. In contrast, pure subsidies lead to full participation but require large financial tr...

(a) Global warming is a global problem and needs to be addressed globally. Unless all countries participate, there is a danger of leakage; reductions in one country may be more than offset by increases elsewhere. (b) Global warming is a long-run problem. We are concerned not so much with the level of emissions in any particular year, as with the long run levels of atmospheric concentrations of ...

Discussion papers are research materials circulated by their authors for purposes of information and discussion. They have not necessarily undergone formal peer review or editorial treatment. Michael Toman, Resources for the Future ([email protected]) This " digital monograph " is based on a workshop we organized at Resources for the Future in 1999 to bring together a variety of experts to refine a...

1. Pinus tuedli seeds, developed under ambient or elevated (ambient + 200 pl1 I) [CO,], were collected from Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA in October 1998. Seeds were germinated in nutrient-deficient soil in either ambient or elevated [COJ (ambient + 200 p11 ') greenhouse chambers and allowed to grow for 120 days. 2. Seeds that developed in elevated [COJ had 91 and 265% greater weight and lip...

Visual question answering (VQA) is an interesting learning setting for evaluating the abilities and shortcomings of current systems for image understanding. Many of the recently proposed VQA systems include attention or memory mechanisms designed to support “reasoning”. For multiple-choice VQA, nearly all of these systems train a multi-class classifier on image and question features to predict ...

We investigate the issue of whether an optical interferometer with baselines long enough to resolve details of a geostationary satellite can be phase stabilized. We conclude that it is possible to phase such an interferometer with shorter baselines using the techniques of baseline and wavelength bootstrapping, and that these shorter baselines are not so short as to make the instrument impractic...