A hierarchical framework is proposed to address the issues of modeling different type of words in keyword spotting (KWS). Keyword models are built at various levels according to the availability of training set resources for each individual word. The proposed approach improves the performance of KWS even when no training speech is available for the keywords. It also suggests an easier way to co...

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A time series model with possibly a randomized unit root and a randomized seasonal unit root is considered. Two statistical tests are developed for the null hypothesis of 3xed unit roots against the alternative that the roots are random and 5uctuate about the value of one. The testing problem is addressed via the score test approach. The asymptotic representations of the test statistics in term...

This paper applies univariate and panel data unit root tests to annual panel data for 182 countries over the period 1979-2000 to examine the stationarity properties of per capita energy consumption. The univariate unit root test can only reject the unit root null for 29 per cent of the countries at the 10 per cent level or better without a trend and 37 per cent of the countries at the 10 per ce...

A new resampling procedure, the continuous-path block bootstrap, is proposed in the context of testing for integrated (unit root) time series. The continuous-path block bootstrap (CBB) is a nonparametric procedure that successfully generates unit root integrated pseudo time series retaining the important characteristics of the data, e.g., the dependence structure of the stationary process drivi...