A hierarchical framework is proposed to address the issues of modeling different type of words in keyword spotting (KWS). Keyword models are built at various levels according to the availability of training set resources for each individual word. The proposed approach improves the performance of KWS even when no training speech is available for the keywords. It also suggests an easier way to co...

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Risk, or exposure to uncertainty, is an inherent part of software development. It is therefore an important factor in software investment decisions. This paper presents a disciplined approach to treating technology risk—an approach that links software development decisions to be linked to the financial markets. The approach relies on the premise that uncertainty creates value when managed prope...