OBJECTIVE To elucidate the diagnostic criteria of Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple that will aid in recognizing and treating Raynaud phenomenon in breast feeding mothers with chronic deep nipple pain during lactation. DESIGN Retrospective review of a patient database composed of 22 cases of breastfeeding mothers who fit the diagnostic criteria for Raynaud phenomenon of the nipple. SETTING M...

BACKGROUND The history of surgical treatment of breast cancer is rich with contributions from many surgeons over the centuries. Among the recent advances in technique is the nipple-sparing mastectomy, which reflects the emerging focus on cosmetic outcomes. METHODS We took a backward glance at the literature illustrating the evolution of surgical management of breast cancer, culminating with n...

INTRODUCTION Syringomatous adenoma of the nipple is a very rare benign tumor. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reports of a syringomatous adenoma of the nipple metastasizing, although these tumors are known to infiltrate locally and to recur if not totally resected. CASE PRESENTATION Our patient was a 41-year-old Japanese woman who complained of stiffness of her right nipple with ab...

Nowadays, local flap coverage methods, including the C-V breast flap compose the majority of nipple reconstruction procedures [1]. As the projection of new nipple from the C-V breast flap is basically subcutaneous fat, the reconstructed nipple tends to be flattened over the long term, especially if submitted to pressure. In addition, necrosis or abrasion may result in flap failure. For this rea...

BACKGROUND Despite the improved appearance associated with skin-sparing mastectomy, removal of the nipple-areola complex has a negative impact on the patient. Still, nipple-areola complex-sparing mastectomy results in preservation of a substantial amount of mammary tissue at risk. This may be prevented by preservation of the nipple-areola complex as a graft that is temporarily banked (e.g., in ...

Painful and/or damaged nipples associated with breastfeeding are common and represent a challenge for both the persons experiencing nipple pain and/or trauma and for those providing treatment. However, evidence-based data has been insufficient to demonstrably minimize these common reasons for failure to initiate or continue successful breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the eff...

BACKGROUND Many methods for the correction of the inverted nipple have been described, but no consensus has been reached as to which is the best approach. OBJECTIVE We describe an integrated approach to the correction of nipple inversion that minimizes ductal disruption. METHODS We performed initial nipple eversion using gentle traction with a skin hook. The nipple base was approached with ...

cracked and un-cracked brazilian disc specimens subjected to diametral compression were used for conducting fracture toughness and tensile strength experiments on a polymer concrete (pc) material. the value of mode i fracture toughness (kic) was determined from the center- cracked brazilian disc and the indirect tensile strength (σt) was obtained from the un-cracked brazilian disc specimen. the...

American population, but there is limited literature on creation of the male nipple-areolar complex (NAC) from the female NAC. Studies have been performed to assess the dimensions and positioning of the ideal male nipple, 1,2 but there are limited techniques to developing that ideal from a female NAC, which tend to have a larger areola, a more prominent nipple, and a different anatomic location...

1 present their method for creating the new nipple/areola recipient site in vertical mammaplasty. Any design of a new nipple/areola recipient site must be based on clear objectives. Fortunately , most of these objectives are widely accepted and are not subject to opinion. Ideally, the nipple sits at the apex of the breast, and the areola margin is circular. 2 How well does the authors' techniqu...